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What type of paint analysis would tend to give the highest evidential value
physical fit
What 3 types of glands found on the skin which can contribute to latent fingermark residue
Eccrine, Sebaceous, Apocrine
Forensic Palynology
spores and pollen
Soil profile
a vertical section through a soil showing the multiple horizontal layers
What is an advantage of visual examination of fingermarks
non-destructive
Fluorescence
absorbs light of a specific wavelength and emits light at a longer wavelength
What treatment is best for wet exhibits
physical developer
inorganic component of GSR
lead, barium, antimony, copper and iron
Ninhydrin colour results
Ruhemann’s purple
Triangle of Interaction
Environment, surface and fingermark composition
Physical properties of glass
refractive index and density
The particular behaviour of the projectile when it meets its target/body
Terminal balistics
Forensic ecology
recovery and analysis of plants from a crime scene
Trichomes
used for plant identification
Photoliths
silica bodies found in plant tissues and vary with species
Palynology
study of pollen
Pollen
has resilient coat (exine) making it resistant to chemical degradation and produced by conifer and angiosperms
Entomophilous
insect-pollinated species
Anemophilous
wind-pollinated species
Hydrophilous
underwater-pollinated species
Types of pollen
pine, willow and dandelion
Pollen sampling
small pinch samples should be taken off the surface soil and stored in an airtight container
Soil
composed of minerals and eroded bits of rock
Soil classification
colour, texture, composition and pH
Diatoms
unicellular algae found in marina and fresh water made of crystallised silica
Basic soil analysis
sieving soil into fractions, different particle sizes will embed into different layers (dry and wet)
Fingermarks
traces left unknowingly by a person on an object (visible, plastic ,latent)
Fingerprint
record or comparison print taken for identification, exclusion or database purposes (loops, arches and whorls)
Loops
60-65% curves around and exits the same side
Whorls
30-35% central pocket loop
Arches
5%
Latent fingermarks
can’t be seen with the naked eye; made from body oil, grease and water
Visible fingermarks
an appropriate substance is transferred by the fingertips onto a suitable surface
Plastic fingermarks
reasonably visible to the naked eye
Visualisation and enhancement
to enhance ridge detail and improve chance of identification
Non-porous substrates
Type of surface that doesn't allow liquids or gases to pass through, such as glass or metal.
Semi-porous substrates
Type of surface that allows some but not all liquids to penetrate. Examples include wood, concrete, and some types of stone.
Porous substrates
Material with small holes or spaces that allow liquids or gases to pass through. Common examples include sponges, filter paper,
Henry system
ten-print classification system
Ninhydrin/DFO
used to reveal prints by reacting with amino acids and amine groups
Physical developer
silver-based aqueous reagent that targets sebaceous components
Superglue (cyanoacrylate) fuming
vapour polymerises on latent fingermarks and white deposit produced
Ballistics
study of projectile and factors affecting them
Gunshot residue (GSR)
a heterogenous cloud of finely divided particles
Internal ballistics
event occurring from ignition to gun barrel
Intermediate ballistics
when projectile leaves muzzle to pressure behind it (muzzle flash, sound)
External ballistics
flight of bullet before it strikes target
Individual characteristics of guns
same weapons bullets, same marks
Range of firing
distance from target and shooter
Lubricants
smoothen movement of projectile
Organic GSR (OGSR)
bases (nitrocellulose, lubricants)
Barrel temperature
200-300 degrees
GSR deposition
found on the hand and body of the shooter
GSR qualitative analysis
colour tests. destructive, large amounts required and unreliable
GSR quantitive analysis
instrument techniques
Contact shot
muzzle imprint can be used to identify shape of barrel and gun
Close range shot
GSR found around central wound , dirt ring formed from grease
Intermediate range shot
Tattooing, depositing of GSR particles under skin of victims
Distance range shot
mistaken for exit wound
Documents class characteristics
writing features common to group or language
Document individual characteristics
letters depart from usual copybook form
Copybook form
the standard
Ballpoint pen mechanism
glycol based; ball-in housing which is attached to an ink chamber
Gel pen mechanism
water based; pigments rather than dyes
Ink gooping
deposition on paper of blob of accumulated ink from a ballpoint pen
Paper
made of cellulose fibres with addition of other components such as binders and optical brighteners
Glass
class of hard brittle materials that are manufactured by cooling melts, consists of silica and other oxides
Annealing
slowly and evenly cooling glass down to normal temperature to stop internal stresses
Annealed glass
simplest form of glass
Toughened glass
resistant to breakage and produces large shards
Fully tempered glass
resistant to breakage and produces small shards
Laminated glass
sandwiched in plastic
Micrometre
use to measure thickness of glass to a high degree
Mohs scale
indicates substances hardness relative to other substances
Compression
pushing down of force
Shear
move in opposite directions
Tensile
a pulling force
Loaded side
side of glass that experiences compression forms tensile strains
Unloaded side
experiences tensile force and forms compression strains
Radial cracks
develop on the exit side
Concentric cracks
form circular patterns and develop on entrance side
Rib marks
come from point of entry and curve away
Refractive index
how the light bends as it enters the glass
Paint
composed of additives, pigments, solvents and binders
collection of paint evidence
suitably sized and separate container
When was MIRSAP introduced
2005