Discussing arguments and theories Outcpmes Advanced Unit 12

outbreak of

an _____ __ something bad (like a disease or violence) is when it suddenly starts and spreads

• an ~ cholera was reported in the refugee camp

• the sudden ~ war caught everyone by surprise

• officials are trying to contain the ~ the virus

shrine

a place regarded as holy or special, often because of its connection with a religious figure or event

• pilgrims visit the ~ every year to pray

• the village has a small ~ dedicated to a local saint

• the site became a ~ for fans after the singer’s death

an isolated phenomenon

a single event or situation that happens alone and is not part of a wider trend or pattern

• researchers first thought it was ~

• this isn’t ~ —similar issues have appeared elsewhere

• the behavior can’t be dismissed as ~

withdrawal

a process of stopping something or pulling back from a situation

• she experienced severe ~ symptoms after quitting caffeine

• the military ~ was completed within a month

• social ~ is common in people with depression

consumed by rage

if someone is ____, they are extremely angry and unable to control themselves

• he was ~ when he found out the truth

• she became ~ and started yelling at everyone

• they were so ~ they couldn’t think clearly

rule out

to say that something is not possible or not allowed

• we can’t ~ the chance of rain tomorrow

• the doctor was able to ~ a serious illness

• they haven’t ~ moving abroad

assign to

to give a task or responsibility to someone

• students were ~ different groups for the project

• the new role was ~ him last month

• each intern will be ~ a mentor

be plagued by

to be constantly troubled or affected by something unpleasant

• she was ~ by doubts about her decision

• the city is ~ by traffic and noise

• the company has been ~ with technical problems

put forward

to suggest an idea, plan, or argument for discussion

• he ~ a proposal to cut emissions by 50%

• several theories have been ~ to explain the results

• the committee ~ a new set of rules

propose

to suggest a plan, idea, or action formally

• she ~ a new way of managing the team

• the government ~ changes to the tax system

• they ~ a meeting for next Thursday

establish

to create or set up something officially or permanently

• the company was ~ in 1998

• a system needs to be ~ to handle complaints

• she ~ herself as a leader in the field

contend

to claim or assert that something is true, often in an argument or debate

• many scientists ~ that climate change is man-made

• the author ~ that society needs more empathy

• critics ~ that the law is unfair

minor

small or not very important compared to other things

• there were some ~ issues with the design

• it’s just a ~ problem, nothing serious

• a few ~ changes were made to the contract

assert

to state firmly that something is true

• she ~ her right to speak freely

• they ~ that the data was misinterpreted

• the report ~ the need for more research

stem from

to come from or be caused by something

• the problem ~ a lack of communication

• her confidence ~ years of experience

• many health issues ~ poor diet and stress

give rise to

to cause something to happen or exist

• the announcement ~ widespread protests

• this new policy may ~ unintended consequences

• the scandal ~ public anger

allegedly

used when something is said to be true but is not proven

• he ~ stole thousands from the company

• the device was ~ tested on animals

• they were ~ involved in the crime

supposedly

used to say something is believed or said to be true, though there may be doubt

• the film is ~ based on real events

• he’s ~ the best lawyer in town

• she’s ~ working from home, but I haven’t seen her online

cast doubt on

to make something seem less certain or less trustworthy

• recent findings ~ the previous results

• her behavior ~ her version of the story

• the evidence ~ the witness’s credibility

emphasize the importance of sth

to highlight that something is very important

• the teacher ~ regular practice for fluency

• doctors always ~ getting enough sleep

• he ~ the importance of communication in a team

challenge the conventional views of the time

to question or disagree with widely accepted beliefs or opinions

• the scientist ~ by suggesting a radical theory

• artists often ~ through their work

• the book ~ about gender roles in society