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approximately how many nephrons are in each kidney
1 million
what proportion of cardiac output do kidneys receive
approx 25%
how much fluid do the kidneys filter per day
180 litres
what substances are found in the glomerular filtrate
low molecular weight compounds
water
amino acids
waste products
electrolytes
glucose
which substances are NOT normally filtered by kidney
large molecular weight compounds
plasma proteins
lipids
avidly bound compounds
what percentage of filtered water, amino acids and electrolytes are reabsorbed
99%
how much urine is produced per hour under normal conditions
60ml per hour so 1.5 litres per day
what is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
measure of the rate at which kidneys filter blood
true or false: GFR primarily controls excretory function of the kidneys
true
how do the kidneys help regulate fluid balance
by regulating salt and water balance
how do kidneys contribute to blood pressure regulation
through renin-angiotensin system
what role do kidneys play in acid-base balance
they regulate acid-base balance
which waste products are eliminated by kidneys
urea and creatinine from nitrogenous metabolism
which hormone produced by kidneys stimulate red blood cell production
erythropoietin
what vitamin is activated by kidneys
vitamin D
what is kidney’s role in insulin handling
metabolism of insulin