normal kidney functions

approximately how many nephrons are in each kidney

1 million

what proportion of cardiac output do kidneys receive

approx 25%

how much fluid do the kidneys filter per day

180 litres

what substances are found in the glomerular filtrate

• low molecular weight compounds

• water

• amino acids

• waste products

• electrolytes

• glucose

which substances are NOT normally filtered by kidney

• large molecular weight compounds

• plasma proteins

• lipids

• avidly bound compounds

what percentage of filtered water, amino acids and electrolytes are reabsorbed

99%

how much urine is produced per hour under normal conditions

60ml per hour so 1.5 litres per day

what is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

measure of the rate at which kidneys filter blood

true or false: GFR primarily controls excretory function of the kidneys

true

how do the kidneys help regulate fluid balance

by regulating salt and water balance

how do kidneys contribute to blood pressure regulation

through renin-angiotensin system

what role do kidneys play in acid-base balance

they regulate acid-base balance

which waste products are eliminated by kidneys

urea and creatinine from nitrogenous metabolism

which hormone produced by kidneys stimulate red blood cell production

erythropoietin

what vitamin is activated by kidneys

vitamin D

what is kidney’s role in insulin handling

metabolism of insulin