APWH FINAL REVIEW

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese nationalist and communist leader who led the fight for independence from France and later fought the U.S. in the Vietnam War.

Mao Zedong

Chinese communist revolutionary; led the Communist Party to victory in the Chinese Civil War, launched the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution.

Che Guevara

Marxist revolutionary who helped Fidel Castro in the Cuban Revolution; symbol of global anti-imperialism.

Young Turks

Reform group in the Ottoman Empire that promoted modernization and nationalism; contributed to the fall of the Ottoman Empire.

Congress Party (India)

Main political party during British rule; led by Gandhi and Nehru; central to India's independence movement.

Pan-Africanism

Movement aimed at strengthening bonds between people of African descent; promoted unity and resistance to colonial rule.

Nationalism

Belief in loyalty to one's nation; fueled decolonization, unification movements (Italy/Germany), and conflicts (Balkans, WWII).

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization):

Military alliance of Western democracies formed in 1949 to oppose Soviet expansion during the Cold War.

Liberation Theology

A Christian movement (mostly in Latin America) that used religion to advocate for social justice and fight poverty.

The World Bank

International financial institution created post-WWII to aid reconstruction and development, often tied to neoliberal policies.

Metropoles

Colonial powers' core cities; post-colonial migration led many from former colonies to settle in these cities (e.g., London, Paris).

Total War

Conflict in which nations devote all resources to the war effort (e.g., WWI, WWII), including civilian and economic participation.

Arms Race:

Competition between the U.S. and USSR during the Cold War to build up nuclear weapons and military capabilities.

Prague Spring (1968)

Reform movement in Czechoslovakia crushed by Soviet forces; highlighted limits of liberalization in the Eastern Bloc.

Civil Disobedience:

Nonviolent resistance to unjust laws, famously used by Gandhi to challenge British rule in India.

Social Darwinism

Misapplication of Darwin's ideas to human societies; used to justify imperialism, racism, and inequality.

Neoliberalism in Latin America

Economic policy shift toward free markets, privatization, and reduced state intervention in the 1980s-90s, often promoted by the IMF and World Bank.

Green Revolution

Spread of high-yield crops and chemical fertilizers to developing countries; increased food production but led to environmental damage and social inequality.

Globalization

Increasing interconnectedness of economies, cultures, and people; accelerated by technology, trade, and international institutions.

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (pre-war).

Triple Entente

Britain, France, Russia.

Alliances

Alliances created a web of obligations, making a localized conflict (assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand) escalate into a world war.

What Caused the Partition of India (1947)

Religious tensions between Hindus and Muslims; British colonial divide-and-rule; demands by the Muslim League for a separate nation (Pakistan).

What Effects Occurred Due to the Partition of India (1947)

Mass migrations (~15 million), violent riots, ~1 million deaths, creation of India and Pakistan, ongoing conflict over Kashmir.

What did Soviet Propaganda essentially do?

It Promoted Communist ideology and Soviet superiority.

What Did Soviet Propaganda come as?

It came as media, art (socialist realism), education, and censorship to control public opinion and suppress dissent.

What were the causes of Soviet Collapse (1991)

economic stagnation

Costly arms race with the U.S.

Nationalist movements within republics

Gorbachev's reforms (Glasnost and Perestroika) backfired

Loss of Eastern Bloc control (e.g., fall of Berlin Wall)

What were some examples of Nazi Ideology?

Extreme nationalism

Racial purity and antisemitism

Reaction to Treaty of Versailles (blame and humiliation)

Fear of communism and desire for strong leadership

Inspired by Social Darwinism and mythic German past

How did agricultural changes form into the Industrial Revolution?

Enclosure movement, crop rotation, and new tech increased food supply → population growth → available labor force → urbanization → industrial workforces.

What was the impact of Industrialization on Society

Positive: Tech innovation, urban growth, increased production.

Negative: Harsh working conditions, child labor, pollution, rise of class divisions → later reforms and socialism.