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What does periodicity refer to in chemistry?
The regular repetition of chemical and/or physical properties of elements arising from patterns in their electron configuration.
What are groups and periods in the periodic table?
Groups are columns, and periods are rows.
Where are metals located on the periodic table?
On the left-hand side.
Where are non-metals located on the periodic table?
On the right-hand side.
What are metalloids?
Elements that have both metallic and non-metallic properties.
What is effective nuclear charge?
How strong the nucleus holds on to the valence electron, indicating the strength of attraction the nucleus has on electrons.
How does effective nuclear charge change down a group?
It decreases down the group.
How does effective nuclear charge change across a period from left to right?
It stays the same.
What is atomic radius?
The distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron of a neutral atom
How does atomic radius change down a group?
It increases down a group.
How does atomic radius change across a period?
It decreases from left to right. There is a increase in positive charge of the nucleus, making the attraction towards electrons stronger, hence forming smaller atomic radius.
What is ionic radius?
The distance between the nucleus of an ion and its outermost shell of a charged atom.
What happens to metals when they lose electrons?
They become cations (+ ions)
What happens to non-metals when they gain electrons?
They become anions (- ions)
Cations
loose more electrons than protons - increasing electrostatic force btwn nucleus, hence ion is smaller than parent atom
Anion
Anions have more electrons that protos causing less repulsion hence radius spreads out more. Hence ions are bigger than parent atom.
What is ionization energy?
The energy it takes to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms in their ground state.
How does ionization energy vary across a period?
It increases from left to right as it goes from metals (low IE) to NM (high IE)
How does ionization energy vary down a group?
It decreases due to increased electron shielding and greater distance from the nucleus.
What is electron affinity?
The energy change when an electron is added to an isolated atom in its gaseous state.
How does electron affinity change across a period?
It increases from left to right due to NM gaining electrons
How does electron affinity change down a group?
Decreases due to electron shielding and increase in size.
What is electronegativity?
measure of attraction an atoms has for a electron covalently bonded to another atom.
How does electronegativity change across a period?
It increases from left to right due to NM wanting to gain electrons
How does electronegativity change down a group?
It decreases due to shielding and increase is atom size.
What is the most electronegative element?
Fluorine (F).
What is the least electronegative element?
Cesium (Cs).
Group 1 properties
Are alkaline
Most reactive
low densities
Good conductors
React with water to form hydroxide and hydrogen gas
What is a characteristic of halogens in Group 17?
7 VE-, very reactive as they only need 1 electron, often react with grp1 and are colored.
What is a characteristic of the elements in Group 18?
They are stable, non-reactive, colorless, and odorless due to having 8 valence electrons.
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