ESS EOYT

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Topics: - 1 (all) - 2 (all) - 3 (all) - 4.1-4.2 - 5.1

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61 Terms

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Simpson’s Diversity Index

a measure of diversity which takes into account the number of species present and the relative abundance of each species

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Simpson’s Diversity Index formula

n = total number of organisms of a particular species
N = total number of organisms of all species

High values of D indicate a stable and ancient site
Low values of D indicate pollution, recent colonization or agricultural management

<p>n = total number of organisms of a particular species<br>N = total number of organisms of all species</p><p>High values of D indicate a stable and ancient site<br>Low values of D indicate pollution, recent colonization or agricultural management</p>
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Standard deviation

knowt flashcard image
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T-test

tells you if you can trust your data

<p>tells you if you can trust your data</p>
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Biodiversity

The amount of biological or living diversity per unit area

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Species diversity

The variety of species per unit area. Includes the number of species present and their relative abundance

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Habitat diversity

The range of different habitats or number of ecological niches per unit area

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Genetic diversity

The range of genetic material present

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Threats towards biodiversity

  • Natural hazards

  • Loss of habitat

  • Fragmentation of habitat

  • Pollution

  • Agricultural practices

  • Overexploitation

  • Non-native species

  • Spread of disease

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Factors used to determine conservation status

  • Population size

  • Reduction in population size

  • Number of matured individuals

  • Geographical range/degree of fragmentation

  • Quality of habitat

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Factors making species prone to extinction

  • Limited distribution

  • Small population size

  • Habitat specialists

  • Low reproductive capacity

  • Poor competitors

  • Large mammals

  • Valuable products

  • Altruistic species

  • Position in the food chain

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Umbrella species

large species that require a large habitat. if you protect their habitat, you also protect habitats for other species (e.g. the giant panda)

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Flagship species

species selected to act as an ambassador or symbol for a campaign/environmental cause (e.g. panda for WWF)

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Keystone species

species that interact in the food web and if lost, leads to the demise of other species. they protect the entire community (e.g. sea otters help the health of kelp forests but are vulnerable to predators, therefore risking kelp forests)

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Speciation

occurs when a group within a species separates from other members of its species and develops its own unique characteristics

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Natural selection

a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to their environment. Organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success.

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Geographical isolation

essential in the formation of a new species. Populations of the same species separate, cannot interbreed and start to diverge if the environments they inhabit change

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Reproductive isolation

evolutionary changes to the appearance or behaviour of populations may result in males and females of those populations no longer being attracted to each other and therefore not breeding. the exchange of genes may slow and eventually stop, different species may arise

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Constructive margins (plate activity)

the plates move apart from one another. When this happens the magma from the mantle rises up to make new land in the form of a shield volcano.

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Destructive margins (plate activity)

The plates move towards one another and this movement can cause earthquakes. As the plates collide, the oceanic plate is forced beneath the continental plate.

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Collision margins (plate activity)

when two continental plates move towards each other and collide. The land between the plates is forced upwards to form fold mountains

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Conservative margins (plate activity)

the plates are moving past each other or move side by side at different speeds. As they move, friction occurs become stuck. They are trying to move so pressures and stresses build up in the crust. When the pressure is released suddenly, waves of energy move through the crust, causing an earthquake.

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Soil ecology

knowt flashcard image
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Horizons

layers of soil

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Horizon O

organic - ecosystem litter, hummus, organisms

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Horizon A

topsoil - decomposing organic layers

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Horizon E

subsurface - depleted organic

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Horizon B

subsoil - clay

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Horizon C

parent material - loose rock

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Horizon R

bedrock

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Earth’s water budget

all water on earth (70% of earth’s surface)
97% contained in oceans as salt water
3% freshwater

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Hydrological cycle

the process where water is constantly recycled between the sea, air and land

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Water borne

infection usually occurs from drinking contaminated water

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Water washed

indirect infection, through skin, eyes or ears from exposure to contaminated water

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Water based

pathogen spends part of life cycle in water. Route of entry into human water

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Water related insect vector

spread by insects that breed in or near water

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Ground water contamination

run-off/earth causes contaminated of groundwater

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Water stress

when demand exceeds the available supply over a certain time period or when the quality of water restricts its use

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Water scarcity

insufficient availability of quality water to meet the demands of a region’s population and ecosystems

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Water as a resource

  • Filtration of un-clean water

  • Economic status - infrastructure to support

  • Population - is there enough to go around?

  • Climate - dry vs humid

  • Location - proximity & neighbouring

  • There but not usable

  • Agriculture grows

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Water withdrawl

freshwater taken from ground or surface water sources either permanently or temporarily, and conveyed to a place of use

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Water consumption

water use that is not returned to the original water source after being withdrawn

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Water waste

water generated after the use of water in a variety of processes

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Large scale scarcity (not enough)

  • building dams

  • rainwater harvesting

  • artificially recharged aquifers

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Small scale scarcity

  • grey water recycling/nighttime watering

  • rainwater harvesting

  • drip irrigation

  • drought resistant crops

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Degradation (not usable)

  • contamination groundwater (metals)

  • salinisation of top soil

  • pesticides/fertilisers

  • industrial pollutants

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Soil systems

a dynamic ecosystem that has inputs outputs, storages and flows

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Soil system storages

  • organic matter

  • nutrients

  • minerals

  • air

  • water

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Soil

a mixture of eroded rock, mineral nutrients, decaying organic matter, water, air and billions of living organisms. it is continually changing and developing through physical, chemical and biological processes such as weathering, erosion and translocation

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Why soil is important

  • grow crops/agriculture

  • habitat for organisms

  • trees (provide nutrients/root support)

  • filters water

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Soil pyramid

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Factors affecting soil characteristics

  • Climate: precipitation/evaporation balance determines the dominant direction of water movement. 

  • Organisms: Soil organisms break down the dead organic matter and mix it into the upper layers of the soil.

  • Relief: The elevation of the land, the aspect of the slope (the direction it faces) and the angle of the slope

  • Parent material: The original material that the soil develops from. It will either be the bedrock (solid rock) or a drift deposit (lake or glacial) that has been laid down on top of the bedrock.

  • Time: Therefore the amount of time the soil has had to develop, will affect its characteristics natural capital’s ability to renew

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Micro-organisms

bacteria, algae and fungi.

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Macro-organisms

earthworms, insects, mites, millipedes and mammals, such as moles.

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Soil ecosystem food web

knowt flashcard image
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Inputs of soil

  • minerals

  • organic matter

  • gases

  • water

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Stores of soil

  • Organic matter

  • Organisms

  • Minerals

  • Air

  • Water

  • Nutrients

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Outputs of soil

  • minerals

  • organic matter

  • water

  • gases

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Sand

feel gritty, as the particles are quite big. The large particles create large pores spaces between them. This means that they are:
- Well drained so rarely get water logged.
- Subject to drought in times of low rainfall.
- Warm up quickly in summer due to high air content.

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Clay

the smallest and give soil a sticky feel. Small particles give small pore spaces and are:
- Poorly drained and prone to water logging.
- Take a long time to dry out after rainfall.
- Warm up slowly in summer due to high water content.

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Silt

too small for the human eye to see and soils high in silt have a smooth feel. The smaller particles give smaller pore spaces