BIOL Lab Exam After Lan 9

Function of the cardiopulmonary system

Facilitates gas exchange and nutrient transport, collecting oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.

Adaptive feature of the cardiopulmonary system for vertebrates

Supports a high metabolic rate necessary for activity and survival on land.

Evolution of the heart in fish

2-chambered heart with blood flowing through gills before body, leading to pressure drop after gills.

Circulatory system in lungfish

3-chambered heart that mixes oxygenated and deoxygenated blood and uses both gills and lungs.

Pulmocutaneous circulation

Circulation in amphibians involving a 3-chambered heart and blood mixing in a single ventricle.

Characteristic of the heart in reptiles

Partial septum in the ventricle reduces mixing of blood.

4-chambered heart

Found in crocodilians, birds, and mammals; allows complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Flow of blood through the cardiopulmonary system in mammals (1)

Body → Superior/Inferior Vena Cavae.

Flow of blood through the cardiopulmonary system in mammals (2)

Right Atrium → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs.

Flow of blood through the cardiopulmonary system in mammals (3)

Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium → Left Ventricle → Aorta → Body.

Airflow through the respiratory system of birds

Trachea → Posterior air sacs → Lungs → Anterior air sacs → Exhale.

Efficiency of bird lungs

Air flows in one direction allowing continuous oxygen uptake, avoiding mixing of fresh and used air.

Flow of air through the respiratory system of mammals

Nose/Mouth → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli.

P wave in ECG

Represents atrial depolarization when the atria contract.

QRS complex in ECG

Represents ventricular depolarization during ventricular contraction, includes atrial repolarization.

T wave in ECG

Represents ventricular repolarization.

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) formula

MAP = Diastolic BP + 1/3(Systolic BP - Diastolic BP).

Major structures in the mammalian heart

Right/Left Atrium, Right/Left Ventricle, Aorta, Pulmonary Arteries/Veins, valves, Chordae Tendineae, Septum.

Diving response reflexes

Bradycardia (slows heart rate), Apnea (holding breath), Peripheral vasoconstriction (diverts blood to vital organs).

Part of the brain processing diving response

The medulla oblongata, part of the brainstem.

Stimuli triggering the diving response

Facial immersion, Apnea, Facial cooling.

Aerobic Dive Limit (ADL)

Maximum time an animal can dive using only aerobic metabolism.

Bradycardia

Lower than normal heart rate.

Tachycardia

Higher than normal heart rate.

Thermoneutral zone

Temperature range where the body does not expend energy to heat or cool.

Open Circulation

Blood not confined to vessels, found in arthropods.

Closed Circulation

Blood confined to vessels, typical of vertebrates.

Dual-Circuit Circulation

Blood is pumped to lungs and back before pumping to the body, maintaining pressure and efficiency.

Reason to avoid a panicking test subject underwater

Panic can interfere with data collection and create safety risks.

Functions of cold packs and snorkels in experiments

Cold packs simulate facial cooling to test dive response; snorkels isolate apnea from facial immersion.