Essentials of Nutrition - Chapter 16

What is the “Resilient and Healthy” state in nutritional health?

Metabolic systems are in homeostasis and organs function optimally. The immune system is strong, able to handle stress, toxins, and pathogens. The focus is on balance, variety, moderation, and proactive guidance.

What characterizes the "Altered Substrate Availability" stage?

Early, subclinical nutritional harm. Intake doesn't meet needs, and nutrients are pulled from reserves (e.g., protein from muscle, calcium from bones). There are no observable symptoms, but biochemical markers might change.

What are the observable signs in the "Nonspecific Signs and Symptoms" stage?

Observable changes such as weight gain, elevated blood pressure, or insulin resistance. There is reduced immune function and a greater susceptibility to health issues. Early interventions aim to manage these changes.

What occurs during the "Clinical Condition" stage?

A medical diagnosis is made (e.g., diabetes, cardiovascular disease). Frank symptoms appear, and lifestyle changes become essential for managing the condition and preventing progression.

What happens during the "Terminal Illness and Death" stage?

Health continues to deteriorate, and body systems shut down. Care focuses on comfort and dignity.

What is the definition of “climacteric” ?

Climacteric refers to the hormonal changes marking the end of reproductive capacity, particularly during perimenopause and menopause in women.

At what age do climacteric changes typically begin in women?

In the early fifties, beginning with per-imenopause.

What are some physical effects of menopause?

Increased abdominal fat, higher risk of cardiovascular disease, and accelerated bone loss.

What role does estrogen play in the body?

Estrogen supports bone calcium, blood vessel health, cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and skin elasticity.

How does obesity affect estrogen levels in men and women?

Obesity increases estrogen levels because fat cells produce estrogen.

What changes occur in men after age 30 related to climacteric?

A gradual decline in testosterone levels and muscle mass.

How can men boost testosterone levels in later adulthood?

Through physical activity and weight training, which cause temporary increases in testosterone.

What are the three main phases of adulthood?

Early Adulthood, Midlife, and Later Adulthood.

What age range is typically considered Early Adulthood?

The twenties and thirties.

What significant changes occur during Early Adulthood?

Becoming independent, completing education, starting a career, developing relationships, and learning to manage food planning and preparation.

What key responsibilities emerge in the thirties?

Increased family responsibilities, such as having children, providing for family, advancing in a career, and focusing on nutrition "for the kids' sake."

What is midlife, and when does it occur?

Midlife typically spans the forties and fifties and involves managing family and professional responsibilities, with reflection on life's achievements and concerns about mortality.

What is the “sandwich generation” and when does it occur?

The "sandwich generation" refers to individuals, often in their fifties, who care for both their children and aging parents while maintaining a career.

What health concerns arise in the fifties?

Managing chronic diseases and preventing further health issues become priorities during this time.

What defines lateral Adulthood?

It begins in the early sixties, with many adults transitioning to retirement, more leisure time, and greater focus on physical activity and nutrition.

What common roles are experienced in Later Adulthood?

Adults may become "empty-nesters" or caregivers for grandchildren, aging parents, or other loved ones.

Which of the following best describes the "Resilient and Healthy" stage in nutritional health?
a) Reduced immune function and a higher susceptibility to health issues.
b) Metabolic systems are in homeostasis, and organs function optimally.
c) Observable symptoms of nutritional deficiency are visible.
d) Irreversible damage occurs

b) Metabolic systems are in homeostasis, and organs function optimally.

At what stage does a medical diagnosis, such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease, become evident due to lifestyle-related changes?
a) Clinical Condition
b) Altered Substrate Availability
c) Chronic Condition
d) Resilient and Healthy

a) Clinical Condition

Which climacteric change is associated with menopause in women?
a) Increased muscle mass and strength
b) Increased abdominal fat and higher cardiovascular risk
c) A rise in estrogen and improved bone health
d) Increased fertility and reproductive capacity

b) Increased abdominal fat and higher cardiovascular risk

Which climacteric change is associated with menopause in women?
a) Increased muscle mass and strength
b) Increased abdominal fat and higher cardiovascular risk
c) A rise in estrogen and improved bone health
d) Increased fertility and reproductive capacity

b) A decrease in testosterone levels and muscle mass

Which of the following best defines the "sandwich generation"?
a) A generation that focuses on professional career advancement while caring for aging parents.
b) A generation in their twenties and thirties raising children and advancing in careers.
c) Individuals in their fifties who care for both children and aging parents.
d) A group of retirees with no family responsibilities.

c) Individuals in their fifties who care for both children and aging parents

During which phase of adulthood do individuals often reflect on life achievements and face concerns about mortality?
a) Early Adulthood
b) Midlife
c) Later Adulthood
d) Adolescence

b) Midlife

Which of the following nutritional issues is most commonly observed in the "Nonspecific Signs and Symptoms" stage of nutritional health?
a) Reversible changes in weight and mood, with observable signs of nutrient deficiencies
b) Subclinical harm with no noticeable symptoms
c) Diagnostic signs of chronic disease
d) Progressive and irreversible organ damage

a) Reversible changes in weight and mood, with observable signs of nutrient deficiencies

What is the main focus during the "Clinical Condition" stage of nutritional health?
a) Restoring metabolic homeostasis
b) Preventing chronic disease progression through medication
c) Intervening with lifestyle changes to prevent further damage
d) Supporting optimal metabolic function

c) Intervening with lifestyle changes to prevent further damage

What age range generally characterizes the "Later Adulthood" phase?
a) Twenties and thirties
b) Forties and fifties
c) Sixties and beyond
d) Adolescence

c) Sixties and beyond

What role does estrogen primarily play in the body during climacteric changes?
a) Supports blood vessel health, cholesterol levels, and skin elasticity
b) Increases the production of testosterone in men
c) Accelerates bone density loss and raises insulin resistance
d) Causes weight loss and enhances energy production

a) Supports blood vessel health, cholesterol levels, and skin elasticity

What is the primary difference between individual and external or environmental factors that determine nutrition status?

• a) Individual factors are determined by external influences, while environmental factors are shaped by personal decisions.

• b) Individual factors are controlled by personal lifestyle choices, while environmental factors are shaped by community and societal influences.

• c) Individual factors relate to external environments like grocery store access, while environmental factors focus on personal decisions.

• d) Environmental factors are only physical, while individual factors focus on diet alone.

b) Individual factors are controlled by personal lifestyle choices, while environmental factors are shaped by community and societal influences.

Which physiological change that occurs during middle adulthood is associated with an increased risk for chronic diseases?

• a) Peak bone density

• b) Loss of muscle mass and redistribution of body fat

• c) Increased muscle strength

• d) Decrease in abdominal fat

• b) Loss of muscle mass and redistribution of body fat

What method can be used to calculate daily energy requirements for an individual?

• a) Indirect calorimetry only

• b) The Mifflin-St. Jeor formula

• c) Reference tables from the CDC

• d) All of the above

• d) All of the above

Which of the following is a common nutrient shortfall in males?

• a) Excessive fiber intake

• b) Low intake of vitamins A, C, D, and E

• c) High intake of calcium

• d) Excessive potassium intake

b) Low intake of vitamins A, C, D, and E

What should you consider when developing dietary guidelines for a campus community?

• a) Focus only on nutrient-dense foods without considering preferences

• b) Nutrient needs of students and faculty, availability, cost, and cultural preferences

• c) Only the amount of fat and sugar intake

• d) Make all food options identical in size to ensure equality

b) Nutrient needs of students and faculty, availability, cost, and cultural preferences

According to the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, what is one key benefit of meeting the recommended activity levels?

• a) Weight gain and higher risk for chronic diseases

• b) Loss of cognitive function

• c) Improved physical and mental health

• d) Increased risk for chronic disease

c) Improved physical and mental health

Which strategy helps promote good nutritional health in organizations?

• a) Reducing access to healthier food options in workplaces

• b) Health promotion programs and policies about food options

• c) Limiting education about physical activity

• d) Removing vending machines from office environments

b) Health promotion programs and policies about food options