Chapter 11: Strayer Ways of the World 4th Edition

Taiping Uprising

Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan.

Opium Wars (1839-42, 1856-60)

trade dispute between China and England. First: Britain smuggled opium into China despite illegality of it. Forced to sign treaty of Nanjing and unequal treaties after Britain defeated them. Second: looting and destroying Summer Palace.

Commissioner Lin Zexu

appointed by emperor to stop the opium trade- ordered merchants in Canton to turn over all opium, which he then destroyed

Unequal Treaties

trade treaties that China signed under pressure of invasion; gave Western powers trade benefits

Informal Empire

Term commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by Western powers in the nineteenth century but that retained their own governments and a measure of independence, e.g., Latin America and China.

Self-strengthening

A late nineteenth century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged Western investment in factories and railways

Boxer Uprising

anti-foreign movement in China from 1898-1900

Chinese Revolution of 1911-1912

The collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous half-century.

Sick Man of Europe

Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period.

Tanzimat

'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureaucracy more efficient.

Young Ottomans

Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system.

Sultan Abd al-Hamid II

Ottoman sultan (r. 1876-1909) who accepted a reform constitution but then quickly suppressed it, ruling as a reactionary autocrat for the rest of his long reign.

Young Turks

Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire.

Tokugawa Japan

Tokugawa Japan was the final period of traditional Japan during the time period of 1603-1867, founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu, Shoguns.

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.