sem 1 ap euro terms (copy)

great famine

famine in 1315-1322 hit eur after period of climate change

black death

plague @ eur 1347 - killed 1/3 of pop

flagellants

ppl who believed plague was god's punishment for sin + lessen penance by whipping themselves

hundred years war

war btwn eng & fr 1337-1453 w/ poli & econ causes and consequences

representative assemblies

deliberative meetings of lords + wealthy - flourished in eur countries from 1250-1450

babylonian captivity

1309-1376 popes live @ avignon rather than rome - refers to 27 yrs when hebrew held captive in babylon

great schism

split in church leadership 1378-1417 when 2-3 popes

conciliarists

ppl believed authority in roman church should rest in general council composed of clergy, theologians, + laypeople (not pope alone)

confraternities

voluntary lay grps org by occupation devotional preference, neighborhood or charitable activity

jacquerie

uprising by fr peasants 1358 protesting heavy taxation

english peasants revolt

revolt by eng peasants in 1831 responding to changing econ condi

statue of kilkeny

law issued in 1366 - discriminated against irish ; forbade marriage btwn eng and irish req use of eng lang and denying irish access to ecclesial offices

renaissance

fr word "rebirth" - describe rebirth of culture of classical antiquity in italy @ 14-16th C

patronage

financial support of writers + artists by cities, grps, and indiv - often to prod specific works or works in specific styles

communes

sworn associations of free men in italian cities led by merchant guilds - sought poli + econ indep from local nobles

popolo

disenfranchised common ppl in italian cities who resented exclusion from pow

signori

gov by 1 man rule in italian cities (like milan)

courts

magnificent households + palaces where signori and other rules lived, conduct business, and support arts

humanism

program of study emphasized critical study of latin and greek literature with goal of understanding human nature

virtù

quality of being able to shape world according to one's own will

christian humanists

n. humanists who interpreted italian ideas abt attitudes toward classical antiquity + humanism in terms of own relig trad

debate about women

debate among writers + thinkers in renaissance abt women's qualities + proper role in society

new christians

jews and muslims in iberian penin accept christianity - included christians whose families converted cent earlier

anticlericalism

opposition to clergy

indulgence

cath church issue doc lessen time in purgatory (believed to bring forgiveness of all sin)

protestant

original names of followers of luther

spanish armada

fleet sent by philip II of sp in 1588 against eng as relig crusade against protestanism - eng fleet defeated it

institutes of christian religion

calvin's formulation of christ doctrine - became systematic theology for protestantism

holy office

official roman cath agency founded 1542 - combat int doctrinal heresy

jesuits

society of jesus members - spread of roman cath faith

huguenots

fr calvinists

politiques

cath + prot moderates; held only strong monarchy can save fr from total collapse

edict of nantes

doc issued by henry IV (fr) 1598 - grant liberty of conscience + pub worship to calvinists ( help restore peace in fr)

union of utrecht

alliance of 8=7 n. provinces - declared indep from sp + united provinces of netherlands

conquistador

sp for "conqueror" - sp soldier explorers sought conq new world for sp crown

caravel

small maneuverable 3 mast sailing ship develop by portugese in 15th c - gave portugese distinct advantage in exploration + trade

ptolemy's geography

synthesize classical knowledge of geog + introduce concept of longitude and latitde; allowed cartographers create more accurate maps

treaty of tordesillas

1494 agreement - give sp everthing to w. of imaginary line drawn down atl + give portugal everything to e.

mexica empire

aka aztec emp - large + complex native am civilization in mexico + cent am - had advanced math, astronimical, + engineering tech

inca empire

peruvian emp centered @ capital cuzco - @ peak from 1438-1532

viceroyalties

4 administrative unities of sp possessions in new americas ( new sp, peru, new granda, la plata )

encomienda system

sys where sp crown grant conquerors right to forcibly emply grps of indians in exchange for providing food, shelter, and christ teaching

columbian exchange

exchange of anim, plant, and diseases btwn old and new wrlds

peace of westphalia

treaties that ended 30 yrs war 1648 - marked end of large scale relig wars in eur

fronde

violent uprisings during early reign of Louis XIV - triggered by growing royal control and inc taxation

mercantilism

sys of econ reg aimed @ inc pow of state based on belief that nation's international pow based on wealth (specifically supply of Au + Ag)

peace of utrecht

treaties end war of sp succession, fr expansion in eur + mark rise of brit emp

junkers

nobility of brandenburg & pruss - reluctant allies of fredrick william in consolidation of pruss state

boyars

highest ranking members of russ nobility

cossacks

free grps & outlaw armies originally comprising of runaway peasants living on bordders of russ teritory from 14th C onward - by end of 16th C formed alliance w/ russ state

sultan

ruler of ottoman emp - own all agricultural land of emp + served by army + beauracracy composed of highly trained slaves

janissary corps

core of sultan's army - comp of slave conscripts from non muslim parts of emp. after 1683 became volunteer force

millet system

used by ottomans; subj divided into relig communities w/ ea millet (nation) enjoying autonomous self gov under relig leaders

constitutionalism

form of gov - pow limited by law + balanced btwn authority and pow of goc (1. rights of subj on citizens 2. incl constitutional monarchies/republics)

republicanism

form of gov - NO monarch, pow @ hands of ppl exercised thru elected representatives

puritans

members of 16 + 17th C reform movement within church of eng - advocated purifying it of roman cath elements, elaborate ceremonials, and wedding rings

protectorate

eng mili dictatorship estab by oliver crom following execution of Charles I

test act

legislation passed by eng parl 1673 - secure position of anglican church by stripping puritans, cath, + other dissenters of right to vote, preach, assemble, hold pub office, teach/attend uni

stadholder

executive officer in ea of united provinces of netherlands - position held by princes of orange

natural philosophy

study of nature of universe, purpose, + how it functioned

copernican hypothesis

sun not earth center of universe

experimental method

by galileo - proper way to explore workings of universe thru repeatable experiments (not speculation)

law of inertia

galileo - motion not rest is nat state of obj & obj continues in motion forever unless stopped by external force

law of universal gravitation

newton law - all obj attracted to one another and force of attraction proportional to obj quantity of matte + inversely proportional to sq distance btwn them

empiricism

theory of inductive reasoning - calls for getting evid thru observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation

cartesian dualism

descartes view - all reality can be reduced to mind and matter

enlightenment

influential intellectual movement of late 17-18 C - introduce new worldview based on use of reason, scientific method, and progress

rationalism

secular, critical way of thinking - nothing accepted on faith and everything submitted thru reason

philosophes

fr intellectuals proclaimed they were bringing light of knowledge to humans in age of enlightenment

reading revolution

transition in eur from society where literacy consist of patriarchal and communal reading of relig texts to society where literacy common place and reading material broad and diverse

salon

reg social gathering held by rich parisians in homes where philosophes + followers met to discuss lit, sci, and philosophy

rococo

eur style - soft pastels, ornate interiors, starry eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids

public sphere

idealized intellectual space in eur during en - pub came tgt discuss important issue relating to society, econ and poli

enlightened absolutism

describe rule of 18th c monarchs w/o renouncing own absolute authority adopted en ideas of rationalism, progress, and tolerance

cameralism

view that monarchy was best form of gov - all elements of society should serve monarch + state should use resources and authority to inc pub good

haskalah

jewish en led by pruss philosopher moses mendelssohn

enclosure

fence fields to farm more efficiently @ expense of peasants who relied of common fields and pasture

proletarianization

transformation of large \# small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners

cottage industry

rural workers use hand tools in homes to make goods on large scale market

putting out system

merchant loan raw materials to cottage workers -\> processed them -\> return finish product to merchants

industrious revolution

families in nw. eur focus on earn wages instead of prod goods for home consumption - reduce econ self sufficiency but inc ability to purchase consumer goods

guild system

org of artisanal prod into trade based guilds - ea receive monopoly over trade and right to train apprentices and hire workers

economic liberalism

belief in free trade & comp based on adam smith - invisible hand of free comp benefit all indiv rich and poor

navigation acts

eng laws controlled import of goods to brit and brit colonies

treaty of paris

ent 7 yrs way + ratified brit victory on all colonial fonts

debt peonage

serfdom - planter keep workers in debt bondage by advancing food, shelter, and little money

atlantic slave trade

force migration of africans across atl for slave labor on plantations + other industries - involve more than 12M africans

community controls

cooperation and common action in trad village - sought to uphold econ, social, and moral stability of closely knit community

charivari

degrading pub rituals used by village communities to police personal behavior and maintain moral standards

illegitimacy explosion

inc out of wedlock births caused by low wages and breakdown of community controls

wet nursing

women paid to breast feed other woman's baby

blood sports

bullbaiting and cockfighting - involve violence and bloodshed on animals pop in 18c eur masses

carnival

revelry in cath countries - preceded lent and inc drinking, masquerading, dancing, and wordy spectacles (upset estab order)

just price

price should be fair - protecting both consumer and producers

consumer revolution

growth in consumption and new attitudes towards consumer goods

pietism

prot revival movement in 18c germany and scandinavia - emphasize warm and emotional relig priesthood of all believers and pow of christian rebirth in everyday affairs

methodists

members of prot revival movement - methodical in devotion

jansenism

sect of cath - emph heavy weight of original sin and accept dictrine of predestination (outlawed as heresy by pope)

estates general

legislative body made of representatives of 3 classes

estates

3 legal categories/orders of fr inhabitants (clergy, nobility, everyone else)