Video Notes - Water and Carbon Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms on bonds, water chemistry, macromolecules, and metabolic reactions from the notes.

Nonpolar Covalent

Equal sharing of electrons between atoms due to similar electronegativities.

Polar Covalent

Unequal sharing of electrons due to different electronegativities.

Ionic Bond

Transferring of electrons from one atom to another, creating charged ions.

Hydrogen Bond

A weak intermolecular force occurring when a hydrogen is covalently bonded to N, O, or F and is attracted to another electronegative atom.

Electronegativity Difference

The difference in electronegativity between bonded atoms that influences bond polarity.

Bond

A chemical connection that holds atoms together in a molecule.

Carbon

Can form up to four bonds because it has four valence electrons.

Nitrogen

Valence of 3 (can form 3 bonds).

Oxygen

Valence of 2 (can form 2 bonds).

Hydrogen

Valence of 1 (can form 1 bond).

HONC4

Mnemonic for Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon; the four elements that commonly form bonds in organic molecules.

Macromolecule

A very large molecule built from repeating monomer units; basis of biology's large molecules.

Monomer

A single, basic unit that can join with others to form polymers.

Polymer

A large molecule formed by linking many monomer units in sequence.

Water

Polar molecule with Oxygen more electronegative; hydrogen bonds hold water together, influencing its properties.

Hydrophilic

Molecules that dissolve in water.

Hydrophobic

Molecules that do not dissolve in water.

Anabolic

Building up; synthesis reactions that join monomers, often via dehydration synthesis.

Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation)

Joining monomers by removing water; forms bonds and polymers.

Catabolic

Breaking down; reactions that split molecules, often via hydrolysis.

Hydrolysis

Using water to break down polymers.

Water count in dehydration synthesis

The number of water molecules produced equals the number of monomers minus one.