AP World Unit 5

5.1: What was the enlighenment?

A movement that emphasized reason over tradition and individualism over community.

The ideals of this movement, including freedom and self determination, challenged the role of monarchs and church leaders and planted the seeds of revolution in the US, France, and other areas in the world.

Rise of socialism, liberalism, and conservatism

5.1: What tensions arose as a result of the enlighenment?

• Clashes between new ideas and old political structures that led to revolutions. The revolutions had 2 aims: independence from imperial powers and constitutional representation.

• Rise of nationalism: a feeling on intense loyalty to others who share ones language and culture. The idea that people who share a culture should live independently in a single nation state threatened to destroy all of Europe’s multi0ethnic empires.

5.1: What is Empiricism and who emphasized it?

Francis Bacon emphasized Empiricism as the belief that knowledge comes from sense experience rather than reasoning based on tradition or religion.

5.1: What were the similar and contrasting beliefs of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke?

Both Hobbes and Locke viewed political life as the result of a social contract

• Hobbes argued that peoples natural life was awful and bleak, and by agreeing to a social contract they gave up some rights to a strong government in return for law and order

• Locke believed that the social contract implied the right, and even responsibility, of citizens to revolt against an unjust government. He believed people had natural rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of property. He also believed that children were born with a mind that was a blank state, tabula rasa, and that the environment and education placed a heavy emphasis on the shaping of a person. This belief was radical.

5.1: What did Montesquieu promote?

He promoted the use of check on power throughs separation of power within government. He influenced the American government system which adopted his idea idea by creating three branches of government that all had checking powers.

5.1: What did Voltaire promote?

• Religious liberty

• Judicial reformand the importance of freedom of speech. He was a vocal critic of religious dogma and advocated for civil liberties.

5.1: What did Rousseau promote?

He built on the ideas of Hobbes and Locke in relation to the social contract. He presented the idea of a general will of a population and the obligation of a sovereign power to carry out the general will. He inspired many revolutionaries in the late 18th century.

5.1: What did Adam Smith advocate?

He responded to mercantilism with the idea of freer trade. He supported some government regulation and saw benefits of taxes, but strongly advocated for a laissez-faire or hand off approach to the economy.

If the government did not intervene with the business of consumers, the invisible hand of the market would guide the to make decisions beneficial to society.

These ideas laid the foundation to capitalism

What was Deism and what did Thomas Paine advocate?

• The belief that a divine power simply set natural laws in motion

• Tomas Paine became famous for his Common Sense and was known for advocating liberty from Britain.

5.1: How did enlightenment thinkers and conservatives react to social ills like urbanization and industrialization?

• They proposed solutions to the problem

• Some called for more government regulation and programs

• Conservatives though the poor were to blame and called on them to change.

5.1: What were 6 other ideas that arose during the englighenment?

• Socialism and Utopian Socialism: The theory of a system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production. Those who felt society could be directed to more positive channels by setting up ideal communities were known as utopian socialists.

  • By end of the 19th century many people joined socialist groups such as the Fabian Society

• Classical Liberalism: A belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches

• Feminism: Movement for women’s rights and equality.

  • Mary Wollstonecraft was a writer who argued through her writing that females should receive the same education as man.

• Abolitionism: The movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and the end of serfdom.

• The end of Serfdom: As the economy changed from agrarian to industrial, peasant revolts pushed leaders toward reform. English and Russian abolished serfdom while and the French feudal rights of nobility.

• Zionism: The desire of Jews to establish an independent home and where their ancestors had lived in the Middle east. They faced many obstacles to get this land because the Ottomans and Palestinians were already controlling the area.

5.2: What were some of the causes of the American revolution?

• Inspiration from the European Enlightenment philosophies

• American colonists were growing politically independent through the election of colonial legislatures who made decisions.

• Great distance separated the colonies from the king and Parliament, giving them more opportunity for autonomy economically and politically.

5.2: Where was the influence of enlightenment ideas seen in the American Revolution specifically?

In the Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson picked up the phrase unalienable rights from John Locke. These right, to Jefferson, where life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, very similar to Locke’s natural rights.

5.2: Explain the New Zealand Wars?

• NZ had first been occupied by the Maori people. They developed a rich culture and organized societies within tribes called iwi.

• They were colonized by the British and annexed into their empire. This increase English control over Maori affairs and Maori land.

• These tensions over the Maori way of life and territory resulted in a series of wars between the two sides. Despite Maori nationalism, the British were victorious.

5.2: What were the causes of the French Revolution?

• Influence of Enlightenment ideas, such as liberty, equality, and fraternity.

• Financial burden/debt from giving money to towards the American Revolution.

• Formation of the National Assembly, which was made up of commoners, as a result of inequality in voting during the meeting of the estates-general to address financial issues.

5.2: What was the french revolutions main events?

• King threatened to arrest National Assembly leader after they began meeting

• Angry crowds rioted in Paris and elsewhere.

• Crowd stormed Bastille, a former prison that symbolized the corruption of the monarchy.

• Peasant rose up against nobles

• King was forced to accept a new government with a national assembly in charge.

5.2: Results of the French Revolution:

• Abolition of feudalism and adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man, a statement declaring basic human rights.

• Rise of radical groups such as the Jacobins who rose to power

• Reign of Terror: A period during which the government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution

• Napoleon became emperor

5.2: What did the American and French Revolutions influence?

The Haitian Revolution and Toussaints involvement in the rebellion against slavery.

5.2: What occurred during the Haitian Revolution?

Slaves revolted against white master, killing them and burning their homes

Maroons, who were escaped slaves, joined the slave revolt.

Toussaint, who was inspired by the American and French Revolution, became a capable army general and played the French, Spanish, and British against each other.

5.2: Aftermath of Haitian Revolution?

• Toussaint created a constitution that granted equality and citizenship for all resident

• Declared himself governor

• Enacted land reform where it was equally divided amongst former enslaved and free black people

• Abolition of slavery

• Haiti became first latin America country to win its independence and only one to do so through a slave uprising.

5.2: Similarities between the French and Haitian Revolutions?

• Grew from the Enlightenment movement

• Fought because of the belief of men’s natural rights and that legal restraints were limiting the freedom of people by forcing them into various estates.

5.2: What were some reasons for the creole revolutions?

• The creoles of European descent well educated on the ideas behind the revolution in America and Europe. They considered themselves superior to mestizos. Peninsulares felt superior to everyone.

• Many creoles were wealthy owners of estates, mines, or businesses. They opposed Spains mercantilism which required imports and exports only with Spain.

• Creoles wanted more political power. They resented that the Spanish gave important government jobs in the colonies to the peninsulares.

• Mestizos wanted political power and a share of the wealth of the colonies.

5.2: Why was Simon Bolivar important?

He pushed Enlightenment ideals in Latin America and was instrumental to the independence of areas that eventually became Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

5.2: Results of the Creole Revolutions:

• Some constitution, and some conservative governments.

  • Peru’s government banned voting for those who could not speak Spanish. This denied indigenous people the access to voting.

  • Women gained very little. They were unable to vote or enter contract and still receive little education.

5.2: What caused the Philippine Revolution:

• Education inequalities since opportunities were limited by religious authorities

• Filipino student embraced enlightenment thinking, which created an atmosphere of nationalist fervor and republicanism.

5.2: Why was Italian unification necessary and who carried it out?

• This was the result of division among kingdoms and city-states who normally spoke languages ever better.

• Cavour, the PM of Italy, believed in natural right, progress, and constitutional monarchy. He also believed in the practical politics of reality, or realpolitik.

• Cavour advanced the cause of Italian unification through manipulation

5.2: What caused German unification?

Nationalist movements that had already spread and strengthen as a result of French occupation of German States.

5.2: Who was Bismarck?

Prussian leader who used national feelings to engineer three wars to enforce German unification. He manipulated Austria into going into 2 wars and manipulated France.into declaring war against Prussia. Bismarck ended up created the German Empire as a result of these military and war gained territories. He used the policy of realpolitik to achieve his goals.

5.2: How did nationalist movements impact the Ottoman Empire?

Ottomans began to lost control to nationalist groups such as the Greeks, who were originally under their control, as they became familiar with the ideas of the Enlightenment and used to assure their independence.

Led to greater freedom and influx of new ideas, and increased importance of cultural markers like language, folk traditions, history, and religion.

5.2: What was Ottomanism?

• A movement that aimed to create a more modern ad unified state.

• Officials sought to do this by minimizing the ethnic, linguists, and religious difference across the empires

• Inadvertently intensified nationalists urges since ethnic and religious groups had nationalist urges of their own.

5.3: What factors contributed to the Industrial Revolution?

• Columbian Exchange

• Rise of Maritime trading empires

• Increased agricultural activity

• Greater individuals accumulation of capital

5.3: How did agricultural improvements help the Industrial Revolution?

Agricultural revolution increased productivity, Crop Rotation and seed drilling increased food production.

Introduction of the potato from South America contributed more calories to peoples diets

As nations industrialized their population grew because more food was available to more people.

People lived longer and were able to work in factories to provide a manufactured workforce.

5.3: What was the cottage industry system?

This system arose in pre industrial societies and what when merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes.

Work was hard and pay was low up cottage industries gave women weavers independence.

5.3: What were some new technologies introduced as a result of IR?

• Spinning jenny

• Water Frame (Arkwright): This used waterpower to drive a spinning jenny. It was more efficient than a persons labor, which doomed the household textile cottage industry. This invention led to the factory system.

• Interchangeable Parts: Invention by Whitney that led to the division of labor and specialization of labor. Each labor could focus on a specific skill instead of needing to know everything

• Assembly Line

5.3: What were the environmental and geographic advantage Britain Had to make it a leader in Industrialization?

• Its location on the Atlantic ocean with many seaways placed it well to import raw materials and export finished goods.

• Was located atop immense coal deposits. This was vital to industrialization since burned coal could power the steam engine , aid iron production, and be used as fossil fuels.

• As a colonizing power Britain had access to resources available in the colonies, including timbre for ships. This allowed them to get a lot of capital as well.

• Abundant rivers that made transport of raw materials and products inexpensive

• Had the worlds strongest fleet of ships that were used for defense and commercial trade.

• Offering of legal protection of private property, something a lot of nations did not do.

5.3: What was the enclosure movement?

The consolidation of small, publicly accessible land into larger, privately owned farms. This process displaced many rural workers, leading to a significant migration to urban areas such as Manchester and Liverpool in search of work.

5.4: What were some factors that initially slowed the arrival of the IR to France and Germany?

• France had sparsely populated urban centers which limited available labor to factories and had a lack of attention and capital from the lites due to the French Revolution.

• Germany was politically fragmented into numerous small states, which delayed it industrialization. After it unified in 181 it wold become leading power in coal and steel.

5.4: What played a major role in the IR in the US?

The abundance of Human Capital, or labor/workforce from migrants and immigrants from Europe and Asia who were uprooted from poverty or political instability.

5.4: How did Russia and Japan Industrialize?

• Russia created miles of railroad that formed the Trans-Siberian Railroad. It was essential in their trade with East Asian countries and helped them develop coal, iron, and steel industries.

• Japan was the first country in Asia to industrialize. They went through a process of defensive modernization. They built up their military and economic strength after learning from the west.

5.4: How was India’s global manufacturing impacted by the British?

• Indian shipbuilding suffered because of British mismanagement of resources and ineffective leadership.

• Britain imposed steep tariffs that declined India’s ability to mine and work metals. This led to the virtual nonexistence of mining and metal working industries after the British left. They limited India ability to mine and work metal in rich areas like Rajasthan to much that their became a lack of technological innovation.

• Their textile industries also declined because of British tariffs imposed to boost the profitability of their own textiles.

5.5: What were the benefits of the coal revolution?

• Development of the steam engine, an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam which generated energy for machinery in textile factories.

• Steam engines power by coal revolutionized sailing. This is because coal use made energy production mobile and dependable.

• Coal made the mass production of iron possible.This iron was valuable for the transportation and manufacturing industry.

5.5: What were the innovation of the 2nd Industrial Revolution and which countries were involved?

• Mass production of steel became possible through the Bessemer Process, which made steel strong and versatile, and allowed it to be the backbone of the industrial society.

• Oil wells were drilled for oil to be used as en energy source. This oil required precision machinery like an internal combustion engine or plane and car tech.

• Creation of the first public power station run by electrical power in London.

• Alexander Graham Bell created the telephone which was a meaningful contribution to the communications technology.

• Gugliemo Marcino sent and received a radio signal from across the word.

5.5: Global implications of these technologies from both IR?

• Made exploration, development, and communication possible

• Telegraph allowed immediate communication. Construction of railroad including the transcontinental connected the two coasts of America and facilitated US industrial growth.

• The desire for capital, money available for investment, was a driving force.

• Products of industrialization such as the railroad and stem engine linked farmers, miners, customers, and investors globally for the first time in history.

• Earlier trade centered around coastal cities. But railroads, steamships, and the telegraph opened up exploration and development of interior regions around the globe. Access to these new areas increased trade ad migration.

5.6: How did the Ottoman empire first respond to industrialization?

The ottoman empire did not adopt western technology of enlightenment ideas. THeir rampant corruption led to rapid decline and ethnic nationalism within different parts of the diverse popuation led to great unrests. They soon became known as the sick man of Europe.

5.6: How did China first respond to industrialization?

They suffered 2 humiliations:

• The Opium War and the split into spheres of influence This resulted in economic and resources losses that left the Chinese central government too weak to promote industrilization.

5.6: How did Japan first respond to industrialization?

The government became stronger in struggle to maintain independence. They actively sought Western innovations that they felt would help make themselves equal of Western countries.

5.6: Ottoman Industrialization:

Muhammad Ali retook Egypt after conflict with the Mamluks who had ruled their for some time.

He began his own reforms, including making over the country’s military on a European model, establishing schools, sending military officers to be educated in France, and started an official newspaper.

Ali taxes peasant so they could give up their land to the state and secularizing religious lands to put more lands in government hands. This resulted in large profits for Egypt.

Pushed Egypt to industrialize through construction of textile factories and setting up of facilities to build ships for Egypt to have their own navy. These industries and facilities helped Egypt compete with the French and British.

Ali is called the first great modern rule of Egypt because of his state sponsored industrilzation.

5.6: Why did the world no want Japan to be isolationist?

• Imperial power wanted to sell good in japan

• Also, in the age of coal powered ships, trading states wanted to be able to refuel in Japan.

5.6: What were the reality checks that led to the Meji Reformation?

• Commodore Matthew Perry demanded that the Japanese engage in trade with the US accompanied by the power of the US warships. Seeing their power the Japanese had to comply, and eventually yielded to similar demands by other foreign nations.

• The arrival of Perry, seeing the danger he posed, and also seeing how a country as powerful as China had been humiliated by Westerner caused the Japanese to realize the danger they were in. They say the American continuously pursue them and saw the British force China to accept opium imports.

• They realized that the country should adopt western tech and methods to protect its traditional culture.

  • They overthrew the shogun to do this

5.6: What were the reforms of the Meji Reformations?

• Abolished feudalism by the Charter Oath

• Established a constitutional monarchy based on the Prussian model in which the emperor ruled through a subordinate.

• Established equality before law and abolished cruel punishments

• Reorganized military based on Prussian army

• Created a new school system that expanded education opportunities, especially in technical fields

• Built railroads and roads

• Subsidized industrialization, in key industries of tea, silk, weapons, shipbuilding, and sake.

5.7: What were the effects of the IR on Business organization?

• Rise of giant corporations that were owned by stockholders. Some corporation became so powerful they turned in monopolies. For example, Alfred Krupp of Germany ran a company that uses the Bessemer process, and gained a monopoly on the steel industry in Germany because of him using the most efficient way to produce steel.

• Rise of transnational companies that operated across countries:

  • Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation

  • Unilever Corporation

• Rise of the insurance industry and banking industry. Insurance was created to reduce risk while banks rose and merchants and entrepreneurs looked for reliable places to deposit their money and to borrow it when needed.

5.7: What were some effects of all the products being produced by these big corporations?

• Rise in consumerism and leisure among the working and middle classes of society in Great Britain. For some the standard of living rose.

• Advertisement went up because consumption needed to keep up with high rates of production.

• Leisure activities such as biking and boating became popular.

5.8: What conditions led to the rise of labor unions?

Low Pay and harsh conditions. The Sadler Report in Britain described these conditions.

5.8: What were the responses to low pay and harsh conditions in Britain?

• Formation of labor unions. Workers advocated for themselves through it. At first these unions were treated as enemies of trade, however over time they became more acceptable and membership increased.

  • They improved live by winning minimum wage lawd, limits of workday hours, overtime pay, and 5 day work week.

• Unions sparked the larger movement for empowerment amongst the working class, specifically voting.

• There was also movement about child labor and their living conditions. Social activists and reformers sought to improve the conditions of child laborers.

5.8: What were some philosophies that arose as a result of increased trade and production and rise of transnational companies?

Utilitarianism: John Stuart Mill was the father of this, and he championed legal reforms, limit of child labor, and safe working conditions among other things. He said utilitarians wanted to address growing problems they saw with capitalism.

Socialism: Karl Mar though the capitalism was an advance on feudalism because it produced a a lot of wealth but also produced needless poverty and misery. This contradiction occurs because of a division of two basic classes, the proletariat, and bourgeoisie. For Marx socialism would replace capitalism and then be replaced by the final stage of economic development, communsim.

5.8: What was the Ottomans 19th century response to Industrialization under Mahmud II?

• Abolishing of the Janissaries

• Abolition of the feudal system

• Military officer were no l longer able to collect taxes directly from the populace for their salaries. Instead tax went straight to the central government.

• Building roads and setting up of postal service

• Tanzimat reorganization reforms

  • Secular system of primary and secondary school

  • Commercial code and penal code

  • Ottoman Reform Edit that updated legal system. It regulated millets, separate legal courts established by different religious communities, each using its own set of religious laws.

  • Did not give any rights to women

5.8: What were the reform efforts in China?

• Self Strengthening Movement: Developed as a way for the government to face their internal and external problems.

  • Hope to strengthen China in competition with foreign powers by advancing military technology and by training Chinese artisans in the manufacture of items for shipyards and arsenals.

• Demand for reform increased after China’s defeat in the Sino-Japanese War

  • Hundred Days ReformL Called for abolition of the outdated CED, elimination of corruptions, and establishment of western style industrial, commercial, ad medical systems.

5.8: How did Cixi reign impact China’s reforms?

• She was first conservative and opposed reforms, wanting to protect traditional social and governmental systems. She brought back CED.

• Later she realized how CED was root ofc corruption since the wealthy were using civil servants to get favors and the government revenue was dropping as a result of bribed going into pockets of corrupt civil servants.

5.8: How did the West help China with reforms?

• Europeans encouraged change, unlike with Turkey

• When reforms were met with conservatism of Cixi or the Boxer Rebellion against foreign influence, the Chinese government continued to modernize with the help of American and European advisors.

5.8: Who were the main victims of Japanese rapid modernization?

The samurais were the biggest victims, as the government completely dissolved their position. Some accepted it and adjusted, serving the government as genros. But others resisted change and defended their right to enjoy authority from the centralized government and act like a samurai.

5.9: What were the effects of industrialization on urban areas:

• Since industrialization led to rapid population growth, urban area grew quickly without any supervision. There was a damaging ecological footprint and creation of inhumane living conditions for the cities poorest residents.

• Working families crammed into tenement apartment that were located in urban slums.

• Industrial by products like polluted water supplies and open sewers were common

• Diseases such as cholera spread quickly, in addition to fire, crime, and violence.

5.8 Over time how did the urban areas improve?

• Municipalities developed police and fire departments, passed several health acts to implement sanitation reform, creating better drainage and sewage system, and supplying cleaner water.

• Eventually industrialization led to increase living standard for many. The growing middle class had aces to good, housing, culture, and education.

• The wealth and opportunities of the middle class were why so many people continued to move to cities from rural areas.

5.8: Effects of Industrialization on class structure:

• Creation of the working class. They were the lowest class and, compared to artisans of previous generation, were easily replaceable because of high competition of jobs and technologies like interchangeable parts and assembly line.

• Rise of white collar workers who were managers, small business owners, and professionals. They had a good education and sophisticated skills.

5.8: Effects of Industrialization on family structure:

• Back on farms family members worked in proximity to each other all day long. Women worker in the house, children played outside and inside, and men worker on the field.

• Industrial jobs required families to stay apart for long period of time, and the strict shrill schedule of a factory work was an obvious culture shock to former farmers who were used to completing their work on their own time.

• Some children had to work in the factories as well due to low wages. Children who worked in coal minds experienced extremely dangerous conditions.

5.8: Effects of Industrialization on women:

• Working class women often had to work in the coal mines and factories to support the family.

• Middle class women would stay at home. It was a status symbol to be a housewife because it meant your husband was capable to proving for you all.

• Advertising and consumer culture contributed to the cult of domesticity that idealized the female homemaker.

  • Women were encouraged to be more feminine. They were told they had to take care of the home, raise children, and behave properly in society.

  • This was difficult for working class women who juggled both industrial work and domestic responsibilities, often facing exhaustion and societal expectations.

5.8: Effects of Industrialization on environment:

• Toxic air pollution

• Smog

• Respiratory problems

• Pollution of water which led to diseases like cholera and typhoid.