AP Human Unit 3 Vocabulary Definitions and Examples

VERY GOOD SET OF EXAMPLES&DEFINITIONS

Hinduism

An ethnic religion originating in South Asia that is closely tied to Indian culture and characterized by belief in reincarnation, karma, and a caste-influenced social structure. 1 billion people practice this religion.

Hinduism

Hearth: India (Indus River Valley).

Hinduism

Hearth: Vedas, Upanishads (sacred texts).

Hinduism

Hearth: Ganges River, Varanasi (sacred sites).

Hinduism

Diffusion: Primarily Relocation Diffusion due to migration of followers from India to former British colonies (e.g., Great Britain and the US) and other regions (e.g., Caribbean, Fiji).

Hinduism

Diffusion: Contained mostly to South Asia, confirming its classification as an ethnic religion.

Hinduism

Distribution: Concentrated in India and Nepal.

Hinduism

Distribution: Global presence of practitioners is a result of initial relocation from South Asia.

Buddhism

A universalizing religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama (the "Enlightened One") centered on the Four Noble Truths and the rejection of suffering. 500 million people practice this religion.

Buddhism

Hearth: Northern India/Nepal.

Buddhism

Diffusion: Initial Contagious Diffusion by the Buddha's direct teaching throughout the region.

Buddhism

Diffusion: Hierarchical Diffusion accelerated by Emperor Ashoka’s conversion (3rd century BCE) and subsequent promotion across his South Asian empire.

Buddhism

Diffusion: Missionaries and Buddhist traders facilitated Expansion Diffusion (Contagious) throughout East and Southeast Asia (e.g., China, Japan, Thailand).

Buddhism

Distribution: Widely distributed across East and Southeast Asia (e.g., China, Thailand, Japan).

Sikhism

A universalizing monotheistic religion founded by Guru Nanak in the 16th-century Punjab region. It emphasizes equality, service, honesty, and generosity, rejects caste distinctions, and worships in gurdwaras, with the Golden Temple in Amritsar as its holiest site.

Sikhism

Hearth: Founded by Guru Nanak in the 16th century in the Punjab region (India/Pakistan).

Sikhism

Diffusion: Primarily Relocation Diffusion due to the migration of Punjabi adherents globally (e.g., to Canada, UK, US).

Sikhism

Distribution: Heavily concentrated in the Punjab region of India.

Sikhism

Distribution: Followers add the names Singh or Kaur to promote equality and weaken the caste system.

Sikhism

Distribution: Worship in gurdwaras that include food kitchens (langar) serving people of all faiths.

Sikhism

Distribution: Most holy site: Golden Temple in Amritsar, India.

Sikhism

Distribution: Emphasis on service, honesty, hard work, and generosity instead of rituals.

Judaism

An ethnic, monotheistic religion based on a covenant between God and Abraham, focused on the Torah.

Judaism

Hearth: Israel/Lebanon (the historical Fertile Crescent).

Judaism

Diffusion: Forced Relocation Diffusion (Diaspora) occurred when followers were forced out of Israel during the Roman Empire’s reign.

Judaism

Diffusion: Persecution (e.g., Crusades, pogroms in Russia, The Holocaust) caused further large-scale Relocation Diffusion across Europe and globally.

Judaism

Distribution: Dispersed globally (Diaspora) with high concentrations in the United States, Israel, and Europe.

Judaism

Distribution: The founding of the modern nation-state of Israel resulted in Return Migration back to the homeland.

Christianity

A universalizing monotheistic religion based on the teachings of Jesus Christ, focused on the New Testament, and the largest global faith. 2.4 billion people practice this religion.

Christianity

Hearth: The West Bank, present-day Israel (historically, the region of Judea).

Christianity

Diffusion: Initial Contagious Diffusion as a small group of followers traveled through the Mediterranean.

Christianity

Diffusion: Massive Hierarchical Diffusion when Emperor Theodosius declared it the official religion of the Roman Empire.

Christianity

Diffusion: Relocation Diffusion and further Hierarchical Diffusion via European imperialism and colonization which spread it through missionary activity and influence over rulers in Africa, the Americas, and Southeast Asia.

Christianity

Distribution: Most widely distributed religion globally, with high concentrations in the Americas, Europe, and Sub-Saharan Africa.

Christianity

Distribution: The Crusades were military efforts to control the religious hearth and gain followers.

Islam

A universalizing monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad (the final prophet) based on the Qur'an (Koran) and centered on the Five Pillars of faith.

Islam

Hearth: Mecca and Medina in the Arabian Peninsula (present-day Saudi Arabia).

Islam

Hearth: Muhammad directly taught people in the Arabian Peninsula.

Islam

Diffusion: Initial Contagious Diffusion through teachings of Muhammad and subsequent Arab military conquests throughout North Africa, Southwest Asia, and into India.

Islam

Diffusion: Hierarchical Diffusion occurred as large cities and intellectual centers converted first, influencing smaller cities and surrounding populations.

Islam

Diffusion: Relocation Diffusion by Muslim traders facilitated the spread into distant areas, resulting in Indonesia having the largest number of Muslims in the world.

Islam

Distribution: Dominate across North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh).

Culture

All of a group's learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects.

Culture

Local/Traditional

Culture

Global/Popular

Culture

People working in offices, factories, and stores, and living in high-rise apartments or suburban homes.

Culture

Attending movies, concerts, or sporting events.

Cultural Traits

Visible and invisible attributes that combine to make up a group’s culture.

Cultural Traits

Artifacts

Cultural Traits

Mentifacts

Cultural Traits

Sociofacts

Cultural Traits

Many people in the United States have developed a strong sense of competitiveness in school and business, and believe that hard work is a key to success.

Taboos

Behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture.

Taboos

Eating pork is forbidden in Islam and Judaism.

Taboos

Parts of India don’t eat beef.

Taboos

In the US, marriages between Protestants and Catholics were once this, but they are not widely opposed now.

Traditional/ Folk Culture

The beliefs and practices of small, homogenous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change.

Traditional/ Folk Culture

Huli Tribes in Papua New Guinea

Traditional/ Folk Culture

Amish people

Traditional/ Folk Culture

In Scandinavia, people used trees to build cabins.

Traditional/ Folk Culture

In the American Midwest, people processed trees into boards, built a frame, and attached the boards to it.

Traditional/ Folk Culture

Corn was first grown in Mexico around 10,000 years ago, and it is still grown there today.

Traditional/ Folk Culture

Mall tribes in the Amazon rainforest.

Global/ Pop Culture

Large, heterogeneous groups of people, often living in urban areas that are interconnected through globalization and the internet/social media. Quick to change, time-space compression.

Global/ Pop Culture

67, crocs, TikTok, among us

Global/ Pop Culture

K-pop demon hunters

Global/ Pop Culture

European soccer, Indian Bollywood movies, and Japanese animation known as anime.

Cultural Landscape

The modification of the environment by a group and is a visible reflection of that group's cultural beliefs and values.

Cultural Landscape

Eiffel Tower, Great Wall of China, Great Pyramids, Mount Fuji

Cultural Landscape

Protected Wilderness Areas from the US

Cultural Landscape

Signage from Quebec

Cultural Landscape

Schools in Pakistan

Cultural Landscape

Office Buildings in Shanghai

Material Culture

Materials from the local physical environment

Material Culture

Snow, mud, stone, bricks, wood, pelts, grass, thule winter house

Material Culture

Art

Material Culture

Clothing

Material Culture

Food

Material Culture

Music

Material Culture

Sports

Material Culture

Housing types

Artifacts

Visible, physical objects created by a culture

Artifacts

Houses, clothing, architecture, toys, tools, furniture

Artifacts

Thailand Buddhist Monks- they got clothes, the content on the plates, and we can see the places of worship

Mentifacts

The ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge of a culture.

Mentifacts

Religious beliefs, language, food preferences, taboo

Mentifacts

Values, practices, and aesthetics

Mentifacts

Belief in a god

Nonmaterial Culture

Intangible concepts, or those not having a physical appearance

Sociofacts

The ways in which a society behaves and organizes institution

Sociofacts

Family, school, education, government, religion, land use, gender roles

Sociofacts

In many Western African cultures the norm is the extended family, consisting of several generations and other family members such as cousins living under one roof.

Traditional Architecture

A local culture's history, beliefs, values, and community adaptations to the environment.

Traditional Architecture

Batak House, Sumatra, Indonesia

Traditional Architecture

stone and clay houses in rural Nepal

Traditional Architecture

english vernacular building, also known as Tudor style, saltbox, cape cod, american vernacular

Traditional Architecture

Spanish adobe (mud) homes, colonial homes from New England

Post Modern Architecture

Diverse designs, representative of popular culture, business and economic success.

Post Modern Architecture

Frank Lloyd Wright: Fallingwater - Mill Run Pennsylvania

Post Modern Architecture

Gehry’s Lou Ruvo Center in Las Vegas