HOSA Muscular

Everything

Fibers

long, slender cells that make up muscles

Fascia

flexible band of connective tissue that binds together muscles

Tendon

narrow band of nonelastic, sense, fibrous connective tissue attatching muscle to bone

Aponeurosis

sheet-like fibrous connective tissue, resembling a flattened tendon that serves as a fascia to bind muscles or connect to a bone

Skeletal muscle

voluntary control, striated, attached to bones

Smooth muscle

involuntary control, unstriated, walls of internal organs, blood vessels, ducts

Cardiac/Myocardial muscle

involuntary control, striated, constant contraction and relaxation make heartbeat

Innervation

stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve

Contraction

tightening, becoming shorter + thicker, enlarged muscle belly

Relaxation

Longer + thinner

Abduction

movement of a limb away from the midline

Adduction

Movement of a limb towards midline

Flexion

Decreasing the angle between 2 bones by bending a limb at the joint

Extension

Increasing angle by straightening limb

Elevation

upward movement

Depression

Downward movement

Rotation

Circular movement around an axis

Circumduction

circular movement at the far end of a limb

Supination

turning limb so palm/sole is facing foward/up

Pronation

turning limb so palm/sole is facing down/back

Dorsiflexion

Bending foot upward at ankle

Plantar flexion

Bending foot downwards at ankle

Origin

where muscle begins

Insertion

where it ends by attaching to a bone/tendon

Named for action

flexor carpi, extensor carpi

pectoral

relating to the chest

lacteralis

toward the side

medialis

toward the midline

oblique

slanted at an angle

rectus

in straight alignment with vertical axis

Sphincter

ring-like muscle that constricts the opening of a passageway

Transverse

crosswise direction

Named for number of divisions

Biceps, Triceps

Named for size or shape

Gluteus maximus (large), deltoid (shaped like an inverted triangle)

Named for strange reasons

Hamstrings

Frontalis

Located in the forehead, lowers and raises eyebrows

Temporalis

Moves the lower jaw up and down to close the mouth

Masseter

Moves the lower jaw up and down to chew

Pectoralis

Makes up the bulk of the chest in males, lies under the breasts in females

Internal + External Obliques

In the abdomen, flex and rotate the torso and spine

Rectus abdominis

Flex the trunk, assists in breathing, supports the spine

Transverse abdominis

Located at side of abdomen, engaged with laughing and coughing

Deltoid

The muscular cap of the shoulder

Trapezius muscle

Moves the head and shoulder blades

Biceps brachii

In anterior upper arm, flexes the elbow

Triceps brachii

In superior upper arm, extends the elbow

Rectus femoris

Extends the leg at the knee

Quadriceps femoris

Made of four muscles, flex and extend the leg at the knee

Gastrocnemius

the calf muscle, flexes the knee and bends the foot downwards

Exercise Physiologist

develops, implements, and coordinates exercise programs, administers tests

Neurologist

Treating causes of paralysis and similar disorders

Physiatrist

physical medicine and rehab to regain function

Sports Medicine Physician

treating sport-related injuries of bones, joints, muscles

Fasciitis

inflammation of a fascia

Fibromyalgia Syndrome

debilitating chronic condition; fatigue; diffuse of specific muscle, joint, bone pain

Tenosynovitis

inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon

Tendinitis

inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive use

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

debilitating + complex chronic condition unknown cause; profound fatigue

Adhesion

band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally

Atrophy

weakness/wearing away of body tissues/structures

myalgia

tenderness or pain in muscles

myocele

herniation of muscle substance through a tear in the surrounding fascia,

myolysis

degeneration of muscle tissue

myorrhexis

rupture or tearing away of muscle

polymyositis

simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles throughout the body

sarcopenia

loss of muscle mass, strength, function with aging

atonic

lack of normal muscle tone or strength

dystonia

abnormal muscle tone that causes impairment of voluntary muscle movement

hypotonia

diminished tone of skeletal muscles

ataxia

lack of coordination during voluntary muscle movement

contrature

pernament tightning of fasica, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin when elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues

intermittent claudication

pain in leg muscles during exercise

spasm

sudden, involuntary contraction of muscles

cramp

painful localized muscle spasm

spasmodic torticollis

stuff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side

bradykinesia

extreme slowness in movement

dyskinesia

distortion/impairment of voluntary movement

hyperkinesia

abnormally increased muscle function/activity

myoclonus

sudden, involuntary jerking or muscles

nocturnal myoclonus

myoclonus as someone is falling asleep

singultus

myoclonus of the diaphragm; hicuups

myasthenia gravis

chronic autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction, serious weakness of voluntary muscles

muscular dystrophy

progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles, not affecting nervous system

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Most common type of muscular dystrophy, most commons in boys 3-5, progresses rapidly

Becker muscular dystrophy

Similar to Duchenne but less severe

compartment syndrome

compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the enclosed space created by the fascia

overuse injuries

minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal

overuse tendinitis

inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint

Myofascial pain syndrome

chronic pain disorder affecting muscles + fascia; trigger points are tender areas where the fascia comes in contact with muscle, referred pain originates in a place but felt in another

Impingement syndrome

inflamed + swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between shoulder joint bones

rotator cuff tendinitis

inflammation of tendons in rotator cuff; may lead to ruptured rotator cuff

carpal tunnel syndrome

tendons passing through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen

carpel tunnel release

surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of carpal ligament to relieve pressure

ganglion cyst

harmless fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist

epicondylitis

inflammation of tissues surround the elbow

heel spur

calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near attatchment to calcaneus bone; can cause plantar fascitis

sprain

injury to a joint when a ligament is wrenched or torn

strain

injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon

shin spilt

tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from tibia

achilles tendinitis

painful inflammation of achilles tendons caused by excessive stress