Bio 112 Exam 2: Bacteria and Archaea

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55 Terms

1

Prokaryotes

1st organisms, millions, live on and in other organisms

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2

Anoxic

meaning that there was no molecular oxygen

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3

anaerobic

no oxegen, able to live in ancient atmosphere

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4

phototrophs

Autotrophic organisms that convert solar energy into chemical energy

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5

Cyanobacteria

“blue-green algae,” evolved from these simple phototrophs at least one billion years later

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6

Ancestral cyanobacteria

began “oxygenation” of the atmosphere

Increase in O2 concentrations allowed the evolution of other life forms

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7

Extremophiles

Bacteria and archaea that are adapted to grow under extreme conditions (e.g. deep see vent, heat, dry, cold, radiation, etc.)

Ex. Deinococcus radiodurans - a prokaryote that can tolerate very high doses of ionizing radiation

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8

Robert Koch: discoveries in lab

discovering the techniques for pure culture, including staining and using growth media

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9

Culture medium:

contains all the nutrients needed by the target microorganism, can be liquid (broth) or solid  After an incubation time at the right temperature, there should be evidence of microbial growth in the culture medium

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10

Pure culture

a laboratory culture containing a single species of microorganism

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11

Blood agar plates

used to diagnose Streptococcus infections

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12

Growing prokaryotes in the lab

growth limited by food, moisture, crowding

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13

Prokaryotic cell size

(0.1–5.0 μm), Bacteria and Archaea are classified as prokaryotes

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14

4 Structures of all cells:

The plasma membrane, The cytoplasm, A double-stranded DNA genome, A double-stranded DNA genome:

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15

Prokaryotes name

before nucleus

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16
<p>3 Types of Bacteria</p>

3 Types of Bacteria

Cocci, Bacilli, Spirilli

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17
<p>Prokaryote Structure</p>

Prokaryote Structure

No membrane-bound organelles

• no nucleus: DNA in nucleoid

•ribosomes “free”

•No microtubules

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18

e features of a typical prokaryotic cell

Flagella, capsules, and pili are not found in all prokaryotes

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19
<p>Domain Bacteria : Proteobacteria</p>

Domain Bacteria : Proteobacteria

• Gram-neg; diverse metabolism/nutrition

• includes many N-fixing bacteria •

includes common gastrointestinal pathogens (“food poisoning’)

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20
<p>Domain Bacteria : Chlamydias</p>

Domain Bacteria : Chlamydias

endoparasites (live w/in animal cells)

• Ex: Chlamydia in humans causes STD

  • causes eye infection (conjunctivitis) or pneumonia in children of infected women

  • causes Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, leading to infertility

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21
<p>Domain Bacteria : Spirochetes</p>

Domain Bacteria : Spirochetes

characteristic spiral shape • many free-living but include disease-causing pathogens: •

Ex: syphilis (STD)

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22

Domain Bacteria : Spirochetes: Lyme Disease

Borrelia burgdorferi

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23
<p>Domain Bacteria : Cyanobacteria</p>

Domain Bacteria : Cyanobacteria

• plant-like, O2-generating photosynthesis

•some are also N-fixers

cyanobacteria “blooms” can make toxins

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24

Domain Bacteria : Gram-Positive Bacteria

•include many decomposers in soils

•include many pathogens

: • Ex: Bacillus anthracis (anthrax),

Clostridium tetani (tetanus)

• Ex: “staph” & MRSA infections

Ex: “strep” throat

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25

Domain: Archaea

extremophiles & methanogens

• but also many live in “normal” conditions

•No human-disease-causing archaeans!

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26

Methanogens

produce methane (CH4) as by-product of anaerobic respiration

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27

Prokaryote Structure

• Almost all have cell wall

• lies outside plasma membrane

• protects & prevents cell lysis (rupture)

• bacteria: w/ peptidoglycan (PG)

• archaea: w/ other structural polysaccharides (do not have peptidoglycan)

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28

Prokaryotic Plasma Membrane

Thin lipid bilayer (6 – 8 nm)

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Selectively permeable:

keeps ions, proteins, and other molecules within the cell and prevents them from diffusing into the extracellular environment

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30

Structure of membrane

phospholipid bilayer composed of two layers of lipid molecules

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31

Bacterial membrane

fatty acids linked to glycerol

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32

Archaeal membrane:

branched isoprene (phytanyl) chains linked to glycerol

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<p>Gram positive bacteria</p>

Gram positive bacteria

•Gram-stain reflects cell wall type

•Gram + (pos.): bacteria w/ thick PG layer

•stains purple in Gram stain

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34
<p>Gram negative bacteria</p>

Gram negative bacteria

• Gram – (neg.): bacteria w/ thinner PG layer plus outer lipid bilayer membrane

• Pink in Gram stain; outer lipopolysaccharide layer often toxic, resists drugs & immune system

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35
<p>Prokaryote Structure</p>

Prokaryote Structure

capsule or slime layer

• sticky carbs & proteins secreted outside cell wall

• adheres (glues) cells together or to surface

• resists attack from immune system

• holds in moisture

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<p>fimbriae</p>

fimbriae

e hair-like protein, • help cells stick to surfaces & each other

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37
<p>Flagellum</p>

Flagellum

are hairlike structures that acts primarily as an organelle of locomotion (motility)

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<p>form sex pilus</p>

form sex pilus

pulls two bacteria cells together for DNA transfer (conjugation), mating bridge

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39

Plasmids

• extra tiny DNA rings w/ few genes •replicate independently

• not “essential” for life, but add diversity

• e.g. drug resistance genes

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40
<p>Prokaryote Reproduction</p>

Prokaryote Reproduction

Reproduction in prokaryotes is asexual

 Usually takes place by binary fission

 Binary fission does not provide an opportunity for genetic recombination or genetic diversity

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41

Endospores

survive heat, drought for years

• Ex: Bacillus anthracis (causes anthrax), Clostridium tetani (causes tetanus)

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42

Photoautotrophs

use energy from sunlight, and carbon from carbon dioxide

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43

Chemoheterotrophs

obtain both energy and carbon from an organic chemical source

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44

Chemolithoautotrophs:

obtain their energy from inorganic compounds, and they build their complex molecules from carbon dioxide

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45

Photoheterotrophs

obtain their energy from light, but their carbon from organic compounds

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46

Prokaryotes and the carbon cycle

primary producers

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47

Symbiosis

two species living in close relationship (free-living = not living in symbiosis)

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48

Parasitism

smaller parasite benefits at expense of other species (host)

•incl. pathogens (cause disease)

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49

Commensalism

one sp. benefits without any impact (good or bad) on other species

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50
<p>Mutualism</p>

Mutualism

both species benefit from each other • Ex: Rhizobium in legume roots get sugar & water; provide fixed N for plant

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51
<p>Pathogenic Bacteria </p>

Pathogenic Bacteria

• exotoxins are secreted •

Produced by both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria

• Ex: tetanus, botulism

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52

endotoxins

are toxic outer membranes of some gram-negative bacteria • generalized toxic effect • Ex: Salmonella food poisoning

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53

Antibiotics

kill bacteria cells but not eukaryotic cells • Ex: penicillin affects peptidoglycan cell wall •some antibiotics come from other bacteria!

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54

bacteria becomes resistant

Due to many factors, HGT as one, the bacteria are gaining resistance faster than we can create new drugs

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55

Prokaryotes everyday use

food products: yogurt, cheese, etc.

DNA technology & genetic engineering

• Commercial chemical & drug production

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