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Dehydration synthesis leads to formation of
water and polymers
During the breakdown of polymers, which of the following reactions takes place?
hydrolysis
The following chemical reactants produce the ester ethyl ethanoate (C4H8O2):
C2H6O + CH3COOH
What type of reaction occurs to make ethyl ethanoate?
condensation
An example of a monosaccharide is ________.
fructose
Cellulose and starch are examples of:
polysaccharides
Plant cell walls contain which of the following in abundance?
cellulose
Lactose is a disaccharide formed by the formation of a ________ bond between glucose and ________.
glycosidic; galactose
Which of the following is not an extracellular matrix role of carbohydrates?
provide energy for muscle movement
Saturated fats have all of the following characteristics except:
they are solid at room temperature
Phospholipids are important components of ________.
the plasma membrane of cells
Cholesterol is an integral part of plasma membranes. Based on its structure, where is it found in the membrane?
within the tail bilayer
The monomers that make up proteins are called ________.
amino acids
The α-helix and the β-pleated sheet are part of which protein structure?
secondary
Mad cow disease is an infectious disease where one misfolded protein causes all other copies of the protein to begin misfolding. This is an example of a disease impacting ____ structure.
tertiary
A nucleotide of DNA may contain ________.
deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate group
The building blocks of nucleic acids are ________.
nucleotides
How does the double helix structure of DNA support its role in encoding the genome?
Complementary base pairing creates a very stable structure.
Energy is stored long-term in the bonds of _____ and used short-term to perform work from a(n) _____ molecule.
glucose : ATP
DNA replication involves unwinding two strands of parent DNA, copying each strand to synthesize complementary strands, and releasing the parent and daughter DNA. Which of the following accurately describes this process?
this is an anabolic process
Consider a pendulum swinging. Which type(s) of energy is/are associated with the pendulum in the following instances: i. the moment at which it completes one cycle, just before it begins to fall back towards the other end, ii. the moment that it is in the middle between the two ends, and iii. just before it reaches the end of one cycle (just before instant i.).
i. potential, ii. kinetic, iii. potential and kinetic
Which of the following comparisons or contrasts between endergonic and exergonic reactions is false?
Endergonic reactions take place slowly and exergonic reactions take place quickly
Which of the following is the best way to judge the relative activation energies between two given chemical reactions?
Compare their reaction rates
Which of the following is not an example of an energy transformation?
Turning on a light switch
In each of the three systems, determine the state of entropy (low or high) when comparing the first and second: i. the instant that a perfume bottle is sprayed compared with 30 seconds later, ii. an old 1950s car compared with a brand new car, and iii. a living cell compared with a dead cell.
i. low, ii. high, iii. low
The energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP is____
providing energy to coupled reactions
Which of the following molecules is likely to have the most potential energy?
sucrose
Which of the following is not true about enzymes:
They increase ∆G of reactions
An allosteric inhibitor does which of the following?
Binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, decreasing its affinity for the substrate
Which of the following analogies best describes the induced-fit model of enzyme-substrate binding?
A hug between two people
The energy currency used by cells is ________.
ATP
A reducing chemical reaction ________.
adds an electron to the substrate
During the second half of glycolysis, what occurs?
ATP is made.
What is removed from pyruvate during its conversion into an acetyl group?
carbon dioxide
What do the electrons added to NAD+ do?
They go to another pathway for ATP production.
GTP or ATP is produced during the conversion of ________.
succinyl CoA into succinate
How many NADH molecules are produced on each turn of the citric acid cycle?
3
What compound receives electrons from NADH?
FMN
Chemiosmosis involves ________.
the movement of hydrogen ions across a mitochondrial membrane
Which of the following fermentation methods can occur in animal skeletal muscles?
lactic acid fermentation
A major connection for sugars in glycolysis is ________.
glucose-6-phosphate
Beta-oxidation is ________.
the breakdown of fatty acids
The effect of high levels of ADP is to ________ in cellular respiration.
increase the activity of the enzyme
The control of which enzyme exerts the most control on glycolysis?
phosphofructokinase
Which of the following components is not used by both plants and cyanobacteria to carry out photosynthesis?
chloroplasts
What two main products result from photosynthesis?
sugars/carbohydrates and oxygen
In which compartment of the plant cell do the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place?
stroma
Which statement about thylakoids in eukaryotes is not correct?
Thylakoids exist as a maze of folded membranes.
Predict the end result if a chloroplast’s light-independent enzymes developed a mutation that prevented them from activating in response to light.
ATP synthase
How are the NADPH and G3P molecules made during photosynthesis similar?
They are both end products of photosynthesis.
Which of the following structures is not a component of a photosystem?
ATP synthase
How many photons does it take to fully reduce one molecule of NADP+ to NADPH?
2
Which complex is not involved in the establishment of conditions for ATP synthesis?
photosystem II
From which component of the light-dependent reactions does NADPH form most directly?
photosystem I
Three of the same species of plant are each grown under a different colored light for the same amount of time. Plant A is grown under blue light, Plant B is grown under green light, and Plant C is grown under orange light. Assuming the plants use only chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b for photosynthesis, what would be the predicted order of the plants from most growth to least growth?
A, C, B
Plants containing only chlorophyll b are exposed to radiation with the following wavelengths: 10nm (x-rays), 450nm (blue light), 670nm (red light), and 800nm (infrared light). Which plants harness the most energy for photosynthesis?
Blue light irradiated plants
Which molecule must enter the Calvin cycle continually for the light-independent reactions to take place?
CO2
Which order of molecular conversions is correct for the Calvin cycle?
RuBP + CO2 → [RuBisCO] 3-PGA → G3P
Where in eukaryotic cells does the Calvin cycle take place?
chloroplast stroma
Which statement correctly describes carbon fixation?
the conversion of CO2 into an organic compound
If four molecules of carbon dioxide enter the Calvin cycle (four “turns” of the cycle), how many G3P molecules are produced and how many are exported?
8 G3P made, 4 G3P exported
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