AICP - Areas of Practice (12%)

The basic steps of plan-making for comprehensive planning are as follows

• Identify stakeholders

• Define goals

• Gather information and analysis

• Develop alternatives

• Select an alternative

South Carolina has how many comprehensive plan elements

10 elements

Corridor planning

typically refers to roadways, but can also apply to rail corridors, waterways, and greenways; can happen at the multi-national, multi-state, state, regional, or local level.

Corridor Transportation Planning

regional level - allows the region's governments and responsible agencies to coordinate major transportation planning projects; conducted by a Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO)

Integrated Corridor Management (ICM)

National Corridor Planning, to the “efficient movement of people and goods through institutional collaboration and aggressive, proactive integration of existing infrastructure along major corridors

National Scenic Byways Program in 1992

purpose of the program is to designate and fund enhancements of scenic highways across the United States

To receive Scenic Byway Designation

• a roadway must have archaeological, cultural, historic, natural, recreational, and/or scenic qualities

• a Corridor Management Plan must be prepared

Corridor Management Plan

documents the roadway's intrinsic qualities, identifies goals and strategies, includes an implementation timeline, and identifies responsible parties

Greenbelts

undeveloped natural land areas that have been set aside for the purposes of open space and recreation, linking urban residents with nature

National Heritage Areas

places where natural, cultural, and historic resources combine to form a cohesive, nationally important landscape

Tourism Corridor Planning

efforts to link social, cultural, and economic drivers between communities for the purposes of supporting tourism

Perry’s neighborhood unit

an idealized, aspirational version of neighborhood—was 160 acres (the acreage of a half-mile square, within which Perry placed a circle with a quarter-mile radius), with a density of ten units per acre and a population of 5,000

five rules for a place to be considered an edge city

1. It must have more than five million square feet of office space to accommodate between 20,000 to 50,000 office workers (as many as some traditional downtowns);

2. It must have more than 600,000 square feet of retail space, the size of a medium shopping mall. This ensures that the edge city is a center of recreation and commerce as well as office work;

3. It must be characterized by more jobs than bedrooms;

4. It must be perceived by the population as one place;

5. It must have been nothing like a city 30 years earlier.

The U.S. Geological Survey uses what scale

1:24,000 scale

0-0.5% slope

no drainage, not suited for development

0.5-1% slope

no problems, ideal for all types of development

1-3% slope

slight problems for large commercial areas; acceptable for residential

3-5% slope

major problems for commercial/industrial/large scale residential

5-10% slope

suitable only for specially designed development

The three basic types of map projection

conic, cylindrical, and planar

The subdivision of land, or platting, first appeared in the United States in what year

1660

vacating plat

allows for a plat to be terminated prior to the selling of any lots

performance bonds

an agreement between the property owner and the community to ensure that the final plat is built as shown on the drawings within a certain time period

Dedications

gifts of land for public purposes, such as roads, parks, and utilities

Impact fees

typically charged for off-site infrastructure needed to provide service to a development, such as a water or a sewer main

development agreement provides assurances to the developer…

that the development regulations that apply to the project will not change during the term of the agreement

Growth management

a planning approach that pre-dates smart growth and sustainability planning (but is in the same family)

Smart Growth

term used to describe planning for greater sustainability

The Smart Growth Network has established ten primary principles for Smart Growth.

1. Create a range of housing opportunities and choices;

2. Create walkable neighborhoods;

3. Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration;

4. Foster distinctive, attractive places with a strong sense of place;

5. Make development decisions predictable, fair, and cost-effective;

6. Mix land uses;

7. Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty, and critical environmental areas;

8. Provide a variety of transportation choices;

9. Strengthen and direct development towards existing communities;

10. Take advantage of compact building design.

Sustainable development

balancing the fulfillment of human needs with the protection of the natural environment to meet the needs of present and future populations

triple bottom line

companies should be preparing three different bottom lines: one for corporate profit, one for people, and one for the planet

Carrying capacity

a biological concept indicating the maximum population size of a species that could be sustained in perpetuity within the environment, given the availability of food, water, habitat, etc

The term "carrying capacity" was first used in

1845 by the then U.S. Secretary of State James Buchanan

Trip generation

the number of trips that a particular site is likely to generate

The propensity to make trips is also dependent on

the characteristics of the journey, trip purpose, and socioeconomic characteristics of the person making the trip (income, age, auto ownership)

Cross tabulation models 

can also be used to estimate trip generation; They allow for estimates of trip generation rates based on land use type, purpose, or socioeconomic characteristics

trip end

the origin or destination point of a journey

gravity model

used to provide trip estimates based on the proportional attractiveness of the zone (the "gravitational pull") and inversely proportional to the trip length.

Modal split

deals with how people get to where they want to go, and the form of transportation that they use

The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA)

bills have focused on providing funding for not just highways but also transit, pedestrian, and bicycle facilities

A standard parking space is

nine or ten feet by 18 feet

A complete street

a safe, accessible, and convenient street that everyone can use regardless of age, ability, or mode of transportation

Adequate public facilities ordinance (APFO)

allows local governments to deny or delay new developments if the existing government services (water and sewer, roads, schools, fire, and police) cannot support it

Concurrency

the practice of requiring that infrastructure be in place and available at a specified level of service prior to allowing new development to occur

Daylighting

he practice of placing windows, or other transparent media, and reflective surfaces so that natural light provides effective internal illumination during the day

Renewable energy

cannot be exhausted and is constantly renewed. This includes sunlight, geothermal heat, wind, tides, water, and various forms of biomass.

Biomass energy

burns renewable organic material, such as wood or ethanol (derived almost exclusively from corn), to create energy.

Reconstruction Following Disaster by Haas, Kates, and Bowden (1977) divides disaster into four overlapping phases of response and recovery

1. The emergency period covers the initial hours or days following the disaster when the community is forced to cope with losses in lives and property.

2. The restoration period covers the time following the emergency period until major urban service and transportation are restored, evacuees returned, and rubble is removed.

3. During the replacement reconstruction period, the city rebuilds capital stock to pre-disaster levels and social and economic activities return to their previous levels.

4. Finally, in the commemorative, betterment, and developmental reconstruction period, major reconstruction activities take place and future growth and development begin to take hold.

Substantial Damage

damage of any origin sustained by a structure whereby the cost of restoring the structure to its before-damage condition would equal or exceed 50 percent of the market value or replacement cost of the structure before the damage occurred

Substantial Improvement

any reconstruction, rehabilitation addition, or other improvements of a structure, the cost of which equals or exceeds 50 percent of the market value of the structure before the start of construction of the improvement

1988 Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act 

This act constitutes the authority of the federal government, FEMA, to respond to a disaster

The Stafford Act outlines four primary components of a state hazard mitigation plan, outlined in section of 409 of the act

1. An evaluation of the natural hazard in the designated area

2. A description and analysis of the state and local hazard management policies, programs, and capabilities to mitigate the hazards in the area

3. Hazard mitigation goals and objectives and proposed strategies, programs, and actions to reduce or avoid long-term vulnerability to hazards

4. A method of implementing monitoring, evaluating, and updating the mitigation plan; such evaluation is to occur at least on an annual basis to ensure that implementation occurs as planned, and ensure that the plan remains current

disaster Mitigation Act of 2000

The Stafford Act was amended, which requires local governments to prepare and adopt hazard mitigation plans

In 1968, the National Flood Insurance Act established the 

National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)

Community Rating System (CRS)

voluntary incentive program that recognizes and encourages community floodplain management activities that exceed the minimum NFIP requirements

Metropolitan Water District of Southern California

established in 1927 to create the Colorado River Aqueduct. The Colorado River Aqueduct, a water pipeline to Los Angeles, was built between 1933 and 1941 and is owned and operated by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California.

Effluent Standards

set restrictions on the discharge of pollutants into the environment

Point Source Pollution

discharged directly from a specific site, such as a sewage treatment plant or an industrial pipe

Non-Point Source Pollution

contaminated runoff from many source

Lagoon

a shallow body of water located alongside a coast.

Reservoir

pond, lake, tank, or basin that can be used for the storage and control of water, and can be either natural or man-made

Surface water

includes rivers, lakes, oceans, ocean-like water bodies, and coastal tidal waters

Watershed

a region drained by, or contributing water to, surface water

Water table

the underground boundary between the soil surface and the area where groundwater saturates spaces between sediments and cracks in rock

Wetlands

include swamps, marshes, bogs, and other similar areas

The Clean Water Act

official name was the Federal Water Pollution Control Act - the act requires anyone wanting to discharge pollutants into a body of water to obtain a permit

Clean Air Act

The act includes provisions that cut off federal funding for metropolitan areas not in attainment. In non-attainment areas, new pollution sources are allowed only if there is a reduction in pollutants greater than the pollutants contributed by the source

Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)

relates to air quality and requires that a project will not increase emissions above a specified PSD increment

The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899

(considered the oldest environmental law in the United States) prohibited the construction of any bridge, dam, dike, or causeway over any navigable waterway in the country without Congressional approval

The Water Pollution Control Act of 1948

allowed the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, in cooperation with other governmental entities, to prepare a comprehensive program for eliminating or reducing the pollution of interstate waters and tributaries and improving the sanitary condition of surface and underground waters

The Water Quality Act of 1965

established the Water Pollution Control Administration within the Department of the Interior. This was the first time water quality was treated as an environmental concern rather than a public health concern.

The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972

focused efforts to reduce polluted runoff in 29 coastal states.

The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972

broadened the government's authority over water pollution and restructured the authority for water pollution under the Environmental Protection Agency. The act changed the enforcement from water quality standards to regulate the number of pollutants being discharged from particular point sources

The Endangered Species Act of 1973

provides protection of animal and plant species that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service designates as threatened or endangered

The Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA) of 1978

promotes alternative energy sources, energy efficiency, and reduced dependence on foreign oil

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)

Superfund is the common name - A tax on the petroleum and chemical industries provides funding to help pay for the cleanup of superfund sites

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976

provided EPA with the ability to control hazardous waste from the "cradle-to-grave." This includes the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste, as well as the management of non-hazardous solid wastes.

The Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976

EPA with responsibility for reporting, record-keeping, testing requirements, and restrictions relating to chemical substances and/or mixtures

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

established procedures for registering pesticides with the U.S. Department of Agriculture; currently mandates that EPA regulate the use and sale of pesticides to protect human health and the environment

brownfields

real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant. Cleaning up and reinvesting in these properties takes development pressures off of undeveloped, open land, and both improves and protects the environment

multiplier effect

describes how certain types of jobs will drive demand for even more jobs

Enterprise zones

are geographic areas in which companies can qualify for a variety of subsidies

Opportunity Zones

new investments in these areas may be eligible for reductions in taxes on capital gains

Average Per Capita Method

• simplest method of fiscal impact analysis, but it is also the least reliable

• divides the total local budget by the existing population in a city to determine the average per capita cost for the jurisdiction

• The result is multiplied by the expected new population associated with the new development

• major problem with this method is that it assumes the cost of service to a new development is the same as the cost to service to the existing community, which might may not be necessarily true

Adjusted Per Capita Method

uses the Average Per Capita Method calculated and adjusts this based on expectations about the new development. This relies on subjective judgment.

Disaggregated Per Capita Method

estimates the costs and revenues based on major land uses, for example, the cost of servicing a shopping center versus an apartment complex

Dynamic Method

• applies statistical analysis to time-series data from a jurisdiction

• method determines, for example, how much sales tax revenue is generated per capita from a grocery store and applies this to the new development

• This method requires more data and time to conduct than other methods

pro forma

looks at the private developer's expected cash flow from a development

Context-Sensitive Design (CSD)

refers to roadway standards and development practices that are flexible and sensitive to community values

A form-based code

a type of zoning code that regulates development to achieve a specific urban form.

New Urbanism

promotes compact, walkable neighborhoods

Transit-oriented development (TOD)

a mixed-use development designed to maximize access to public transportation

Biophilic Design

concerns the need to create habitat for people as biological organisms

Public Health Movement

rose to prominence in the second half of the 1800s

model tenement

In 1855, the first ___ ___ was built in New York City

Tenement House Act of 1867

The Act required all rooms within tenements to have windows, but it did not require windows to open to the outside

Tenement House Act of 1879

required that windows open to outside air

dumbbell tenement

housing type with open air shafts

Tenement House Law of 1901

(resulting in “New Law” tenements), which outlawed dumbbell tenements

Public Works Administration (PWA)

created in 1934 during the Great Depression, provided 85 percent of the cost of public housing projects. This was the first federally supported public housing program