ANSC 422 EXAM 3

Review

LS4, LS7, LS11, LS13-16, LS58-59, IS7-*16*&17, IS83, IS93, IS104, RS4, RS35-39, RS61, FS19, FS40

How should I understand LS14-16?
LS12 vs LS17?
What is being recommended by the NRC on LS23?

What was early maternal nutrition research in the 30's to 50's on?

-reproductive performance (litter size, conception rate, mortality)
-maternal transfer of nutrients (in utero and via milk)
-at that time macro/micro-nutrient reqs were still being determined

What was maternal nutrition research in the 60's to 90's on?

-growth retardation
-dietary protein, carb, and lipid concentrations
-fatty acid forms in diet

What was maternal nutrition research in the 2000's on?

"metabolic programming" idk wtf that is

How does body weight change over the course of gestation for a pregnant dog? How about weight? Fetal growth?

-little BW gain until 6 weeks of gestation
-75% of fetal growth happens last few weeks of gestation
-they lose most of the weight they gained at parturition

How does body weight change during gestation for a pregnant cat? What percentage of added BW is lost at parturition?

-cats have a linear increase in body weight during gestation
-they lose 40% of the gained weight at parturition

What are a dog's energy needs over the course of gestation?

-first 6 weeks: if healthy feed normal intake
-after 6 weeks: gradually increase to 25-50% more at parturition
-several small meals/day

What are a cat's energy needs over the course of gestation?

-after 2 weeks: gradually increase to 25-50% more at parturition

When is peak lactation?

3-4 weeks

What are the macronutrient needs during lactation?

-protein: at least 30% of diet (animal-sources preferred)
-lipids: at least 18% of diet (proper O6:O3)
-carbs: 20-30% of diet

What are the NRC recommended allowances for dogs during gestation/lactation?

-~100% increase in crude protein
-~50% increase in total fat
-~100% increase in most macrominerals
-~50-100% increase in some microminerals
-vitamin recs not that different

ME requirement of pregnant queen is dependent upon:

BW, litter size, and week of lactation (weeks 3-6 are greatest)

(side note queen=pregnant cat)

What are the NRC recommended allowances for cats during gestation/lactation?

-protein differs for gestation and peak lactation
-during gestation crude protein is not greatly
changed but many essential AA's are increased
-during lactation crude protein is increased ~33%
and most essential AA's are increased

-total fat is similar, however alpha-linoleic acid is recommended and

-most macrominerals increased

-vitamin A increased 100%

Nutritionally what are the most important differences in needs between different breeds of puppies?

Ca, P, and energy

T/F: kittens and puppies need to be fed highly digestible ingredients.

True!

How does enzyme activity change over time for puppies?

-Lactase production decreases
-Pepsin and alpha-amylase production increases

In dogs nutrient digestibility increases with ____ and ______

age and body size

In cats nutrient digestibility increase with ___

age

What are the NRC nutrient recommendations for growing puppies?

-protein depends on age
-from 4-14 weeks of age crude protein should be
increased by 100% and most essential AA's are
increased by 100%
-above 14 weeks of age needs for crude protein
and essential AA's are still increased but are now
around 75% higher

-total fat increased ~50%
-alpha-linoleic acid increased and arachidonic acid
is recommended

-most macrominerals increased

-some microminerals increased

What are the NRC nutrient recommendations for growing kittens?

-crude protein and AA's only changed slightly

-total fat similar but alpha-linoleic acid is recommended and arachidonic acid is increased

-some macro and micro minerals are increased

What are the general nutritional recommendations for growing animals?

-greater protein in fat, should be highly digestible and animal-based sources are recommended

-limit carbs as they dilute energy and may cause water retention which leads to stool bulking

-prebiotics are suggested to maintain healthy gut microbiota

Are their AAFCO/NRC guidelines for senior/geriatric pets?

Nope

What percent of the cat population is considered senior or geriatric? What age is considered senior and what age is considered geriatric?

30-50%

Senior=7 yrs old

Geriatric=11+ yrs old

What percent of the dog population is considered senior or geriatric?

50%

What is aging and what does it include?

Aging: progressive changes in organs after maturity that lead to reduced function

Includes: reduced organ function, decreased immune function, reduced stress threshold, less adaptable to change

Why is there a recommendation for greater protein intake in senior pets?

to minimize loss in lean mass, avoid immunodeficiency, and resist infection

How much more protein should senior dogs/cats be fed? And what percent of the total energy should protein be in the diet?

50% more protein

Cats: 35% of kcal
Dogs: 25% of kcal

What are the fat recommendations for senior animals?

feed similar fat to avoid obesity, but increase O3's to reduce inflammation

What are the carb recommendations for senior animals?

feed fewer digestible carbs, as animals have a lower glucose tolerance with increasing age

however you should increase dietary fiber for laxation

What are some additional recommendations for senior diets?

increase antioxidants, feeds pre and pro biotics, and maintain adequate water consumption

When does he want you to think dogs were domesticated?

15,000 years ago

What are the three categories of exercise intensity and what are they based off of?

Based of VO2 Max, which is the max amount of O2 your body can use during exercise

Categories: high intensity (relies heavily on anaerobic metabolism), moderate intensity (primarily aerobic), and low intensity (completely aerobic)

What would a dog metabolize in a 10 second sprint?

glycogen anaerobically and creatine phosphate

What would a dog metabolize in an endurance exercise?

fat and protein aerobically

What is the primary fuel source used in dogs?

free fatty acids

What intensity of exercise is sled dog racing? What kind of diet would you feed a sled dog?

mostly low to moderate intensity, short bouts of high intensity

increased protein, *increased fat*, and decreased carb

What are some additional diet considerations you'd make for a sled dog?

increased antioxidants (like VE, VC, Se)

and complex carbs to stabilize gut motility

Would carb/glycogen loading be effective for a racing dog?

Naur, glycogen loading is not effective

Why do you want high diet digestibility?

-adequate energy intake
-limits fecal bulk

What are the functions of water?

-solvent in cellular reactions
-transport of oxygen and nutrients
-aid in digestive processes
-thermoregulation
-removes wastes and byproducts of metabolism

What affects dog's voluntary water intake?

-ambient temp
-type of diet
-level of exercise

How does exercise effect digestion?

-alter gut transit time (decreases it)
-causes mild hypoxia in gut
-heat of digestion increases heat load on body

diarrhea may result

When should you time the meals for an athletic dog?

-for intense exercise feed 24hrs prior to event

-for a multi-day event feed ASAP after exercise when the dog is no longer panting or heat/water stressed

Allowable ingredients must be in 1 of 3 categories, what are these three categories?

-GRAS (Generally recognized as safe)

-FDA approved feed additive

-defined in the AAFCO official publication

What is a food additive?

any substance that directly or indirectly become a component of a food or that affects a food's characteristics

May: supply nutrients, add flavor/aroma, add stability, or alter the food's characteristics

some examples include: emulsifiers, anti-caking agents, sequestrants, and enzymes

Are GRAS ingredients considered food additives?

No

For a Food Additive Petition (FAP): what data is required? is the data proprietary? what is the evaluation speed? and what is the result?

data required: utility, safety, and environmental assessment

data is proprietary

time-wise it takes the longest

result: FDA "approved"

GRAS: what data is required? is the data proprietary? what is the evaluation speed? and what is the result?

data required: utility, safety, and environmental assessment

data is not proprietary

time-wise it's typically the fastest

result: "no questions"

AAFCO: what data is required? is the data proprietary? what is the evaluation speed? and what is the result?

data required: utility and safety

data is proprietary

time-wise it's in the middle

result: AAFCO "defined"

What does "natural" mean?

that it's either unprocessed or

-doesn't undergo any chemically synthetic processing
-doesn't contain any additives or processing aids

review on IS21

What is prohibited in Organic Foods?

synthetic fertilizers, sewage sludge, irradiation, and genetic engineering

organic has nothing to do with nutritional quality

Can you make Human Grade claims for individual ingredients?

No

What are the four main points about Human Grade food?

-use of term can only apply towards product as a whole
-cannot make claim for individual ingredient
-manufacturer must provide documentation for quality, procedures, and licenses
-label must clearly state intended purpose is for consumption of pets and follows all pet food guidelines

What does just the "organic" label mean? How about "made with organic ingredients"?

-organic: made with at least 95% organic
-made with organic ingredients: at least 70% organic

What is rendering?

the processing of raw material

its fractionated into water and fat and solids (protein rich fraction), and then its heated and dried

Meal means something has been _______ and _______

rendered and dried

What can meat meals include? What can they not include?

Includes: skeletal muscle, tongue, diaphragm, heart, esophagus, overlaying fat, attached nerves, and blood vessels

Doesn't include: blood, hair, horn, hoof, hide trimmings, manure, GI contents

What is "meat" according to AAFCO?

-clean flesh derived from slaughtered animals
-may contain: skeletal muscle, tongue, esophagus, diaphragm, heart, and nerve and blood vessels that normally accompany flesh with or without skin

What is "meat by-product"? What does it include and not include?

non-rendered cleaned parts, other than meat, derived from slaughtered mammals

includes: lungs, spleen, kidneys, brain, liver, blood, bone, fatty tissue, stomachs, and intestines freed of their contents

does not include: hair, horns, teeth, and hooves

What is "meat and bone meal"?

the same as meat meal but includes bone

What is "animal by-product meal"?

-meant to cover products that don't meet the criteria of the other categories

-doesn't include: blood, hair, hoof, horn, hide-trimmings, manure, and stomach and rumen contents (trace amounts)

Does poultry include the entrails?

Naur

What are some things "poultry by-product meal" might include?

undeveloped eggs, necks, feet, and intestines

What are some things that might be included in "poultry by-product?

viscera, heads, feet

What is animal digest?

material which results from the chemical and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of clean and undecomposed animal tissue

is mainly used as a palatability enhancer

What is fish meal?

cleaned/dried/ground tissue of undecomposed whole fish or fish cuttings

with or without the extraction of oil

strict rules for salt and moisture content

What are 2 potential issues and 1 potential benefit of using fish meals in a diet?

issues: potential odor issues and fat oxidation issues

benefit: high mineral content cause they often contain a lot of bone

What are some of the anti-nutritional factors in soy?

Phytate (reduced mineral digestibility)

Lectins (bind carb-containing molecules)

Protease (trypsin) Inhibitors

this makes it so that a heat treatment is required

What are the two common types of soybean meal?

dehulled, solvent extracted

and

solvent extracted

What's another name for Distiller's Grain? What is it?

Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles

it is the by-products of ethanol and fructose production produced from dry or wet milling

What does the term Pulses include? What benefits and drawbacks of pulses?

includes: dried peas, beans, chickpeas, and lentils

benefits: grain-free, decent protein quality, good fiber source

drawbacks: antinutritional factors like lectins, phytate, and oxalate

What AA's are cereal grains deficient in?

lysine and tryptophan

What are some benefits of cereal grains?

low cost, and both human grade and secondary products are available

What is the most common feed grain used in all livestock feeds?

corn

Is corn a cereal grain?

Yes

Which is more expensive: rice or corn?

Rice

The energy content of wheat is ____ to that of corn, and has _____ protein

equal, higher

Wheat starch has an _______ rate of digestion

intermediate

may be useful for diabetic diets

What breed did we learn about often having problems with gluten/wheat intolerance? What are some of the results of that?

Irish Setters

crypt elongation, reduced villus height, and SI inflammation

Oats have ______ energy as corn

slightly less

Barley has ______ energy as corn

slightly less

What are some common ingredients in grain free diets?

potatoes, sweet potatoes, pulses, tapioca

Is there evidence of any benefits of a grain-free diet?

No

T/F: Antioxidants, if used, must be indicated

True

What are some examples of food additives?

Anti-caking agents, Antioxidants, Aromas or flavors, Colorants, Emulsifying agents, Gelling agents, Preservatives, Vitamin premixes, Mineral premixes

What are the main properties of anti-caking agents?

adsorbing (not misspelled, means it grabs moisture) excess moisture and coating particles to make them water repellent

you want things to flow and not get stuck in factory

What do humectants do?

bind free water to retard mold growth

is most important in semi-moist foods and treats

and example is corn syrup

In pet foods colorants and pigments are mainly used for _____

marketing (animals don't see colors well)

What are some natural and artificial antioxidant examples?

natural: VE, VC, carotenoids, fruit and vegetable pomaces/pulps

artificial: BHT, BHA, ethoxyquin

What do preservatives do?

preserve flavors and colors, and prevent oxidation

sodium bisulfate, and acids are two common examples

What are the 4 types of thickeners?

emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners and gelling agents

often used are lecithins and gums

What are the functions of gelling agents in canned dog foods?

bind water and form emulsions, provide texture

gums and carrageenan and wheat starch used

What are some of the benefits of flavors?

Uniformity, Mask foul/bitter flavors, Improve palatability of objectionable ingredients, and Marketability of diet

For primary ingredients, the primary goal is ____ to supply essential nutrients

NOT

instead it is on health and wellness, focusing is maintaining body organs or systems

ex: oral care, immune system, bone/joint health

What functional ingredients are often added to promote joint health?

-glycosaminoglycans
-chondroitin sulfate
-glucosamine
-O3 fatty acids
-methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)
-S-adenosyl-methionine
-green-lipped muscle extract

What are some functional ingredients commonly used for oral care? Who manages/approves these?

sodium hexametaphosphate and antioxidants

Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC)

What are some of the common functional ingredients used to promote skin and coat health?

O3 FA's: flaxseed, fish oil, soy oil, canola oil algal meal

O6 FA's: safflower oil, sunflower oil, flaxseed, corn oil

greater VA and Biotin

greater Zn and Cu

What functional ingredients are used for hairball control?

O3 FA's and dietary fiber

Mitochondrial co-factors are fed for what?

lipid metabolism and oxidative stress

What are the potential effects and common sources of dietary fiber?

Potential effects: modulate gastrointestinal microbiota, promote laxation, minimize stool odor, and stool quality

common sources: Citrus pulp, oatmeal, pea fiber, Fruit and vegetable pomaces, Alfalfa meal, Whole grains (barley; wheat; brown rice)