biology midterm review

biology

biology

study of life

scientific method

way we investigate the world around us using controlled experiments

quantitative data

numerical data

qualitative data

descriptive

metric conversions

kilo(k), hecto(h), deca(da), base unit(m,g,L), deci(d), centi(c), milli(m)   king henry died by drinking chocolate milk

observation vs. inference

observation: using ur 5 senses

inference: how u interpret ur observation

hypothesis

educated guess based on observations, must be testable

controlled experiment

only 1 variable is being manipulated

control vs. experimental group

control- one group that receives no experimental treatment bc we want to use it for comparison

experimental: has the i. variable being manipulated

independent variable

the 1 variable that is manipulated in a controlled experiment

dependent variable

measurable outcome, depends on how we manipulate the i. variable

Graphing Data

i.v is on x-axis

d.v is on y-axis

homeostasis

maintaining a stable internal environment

evolution/adaptation

organisms have the ability to grow and change to environmental conditions

metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a living organism

Characteristics of all living things

1. made up of cells

2. organization

3. growth and development

4. reproduce

5. genetic material

6. evolution over time

7. response to stimuli

8. requires energy

Levels of organization in biology

organelles, cells, tissue, organ, organ systems, organism

Cell Theory

1. all organisms are made of one or more cells

2. all cells come from preexisting cells

3. the cell is the basic unit of structure and life

prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes

pro: no nucleus, single celled

euk: nucleus, multi/single celled

organelles

tiny structures inside of a cell that perform specific functions

lysosome

contains enzymes, garbage disposal of the cell

mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell, produce ATP, release energy

nucleus

control center of the cell, contains chromatin

ribosomes

make proteins, made up of genetic material, made in nucleus, located on rough ER

Golgi apparatus

packages products for secretion from the cell, forms vesicles

endoplasmic reticulum: Smooth vs. Rough

smooth: no ribosomes, makes proteins

rough: has ribosomes, makes lipids

chloroplast

contain chlorophyll that absorbs light, located in plant cells

cytoskeleton

gives shape and makes a cell rigid

vacuole

contain enzymes, in plant cells, regulate water contents of the cell

Difference between plant and animal cell

plant: has cell wall and cell membrane

animal: cell membrane

Cell membrane

regulates what enters and leaves the cell, encloses contents of cell

Selectively Permeable Membrane

allows only certain things to enter/exit the cell

phospholipid bilayer

cell membrane

possible benefits from studying biology

modern medicine, agriculture

Parts and charge of an atom

subatomic particles:

protons(nucleus): +

neutron(nucleus): ~

electrons(orbitals): -

Energy levels in an atom

2 electrons in first orbital, 8 in second

isotopes vs ions

isotopes: atoms with dif # of neutrons, affects mass of an atom

ions: atoms that have gained or lost 1 or more electrons, affects charge of atom,

(lose= more pos charges than neg , gain=more neg than pos)

Types of covalent bonds

when atoms are covalently bonded tg= molecule

Types of ions: anion (-) vs. cation(+)

neg charge= anion

pos charge= cation

pH

scale: measure of  the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

based on scale of 0-14, further away from 7=higher concentration

acid/base

7=neutral, below 7= acidic, above 7=base

enzymes

speeds up chemical reactions by reducing activation energy

activation energy

amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction