01.10 BIO Studying Life (ALL)

Biology

The study of life

Cell

Basic unit of life

Unicellular

Made of a single cell

Multicellular

Made up of more than one cell

Organism

A living thing

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Reproduction

Create new cells or a new individual

Sexual reproduction

A type of reproduction in which DNA from two different parents join to form a genetically unique organism

Asexual reproduction

A type of reproduction in which a single parent reproduces by itself to make an identical copy of itself

Evolve

The process in which species change over time

Adaptation

A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce

DNA

A nucleic acid found in the nucleus of all living cells, which carries the organism's hereditary information

Homeostasis

Maintaining a constant internal environment

Energy

The ability to do work

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

Heterotroph

An organism that obtain food by eating other organisms or their by-products

Growth (Description)

An increase in the size of an organism

Growth (Examples)

Examples includes a plant getting bigger or a cell getting bigger

Development (Description)

The process of change that occurs during an organism's life to produce a more complex organism

Development (Examples)

Examples include a tadpole becoming a frog or a fetus becoming an adult

Virus

A tiny, nonliving particle that must reproduce inside a host cell and causes various important diseases in humans, animals, or plants

Atom

Smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element

Molecules

Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Macromolecules

Four main classes of large biological molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

Cell

Basic unit of life

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

Organ

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

Organ system

Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

Organism

A living thing

Population

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area.

Community

A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other

Ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Biome

A group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms

Biosphere

Earth

Classification

The grouping of organisms based on common traits

Taxonomy

The science where scientists classify organisms and assign each organism a universally accepted name

Taxon

A group or level of organization into which organisms are classified; examples include - domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species

Levels of classification from largest to smallest

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Binomial nomenclature

A system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name

Domain

The highest taxonomic division of living things that includes Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Kingdom

A taxonomic division of domains that includes - Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

Class

A taxonomic division of phylum that contains one or more related orders

Order

A taxonomic division of a class; composed of one or more families

Family

A taxonomic division of an order; composed of one or more genera

Genus

A taxonomic division of a family; that consists of a number of similar, closely related species

Species

A group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

Domain Bacteria

Made up of prokaryotes that usually have a cell wall containing peptidoglycan

Domain Archaea

Made up of prokaryotes but differ from bacteria in their genetics and the makeup of their cell walls which do NOT contain peptidoglycan; also known as extremophiles

Domain Eukarya

Made up of all eukaryotes (protists, fungi, plants, and animals)

Prokaryote

A single celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryote

A cell that contains membrane enclosed organelles and nucleus which hold DNA. Found in Protists, Animals, Fungi, and Plants

Autotroph

An organism that is able to create its own energy from simple inorganic substances

Heterotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food and depends on other organic sources to obtain food and nutrients

Unicellular

Consisting of a single cell

Multicellular

Something that is composed of more than one cell

Anaerobic

Describes a process that does not require oxygen

Aerobic

Describes a process that requires oxygen

Linnaeus

Swedish botanist who proposed the modern system of biological nomenclature. Proposed two kingdoms - plants and animals and classified organisms based upon physical and structural similarities. The system includes seven different classification levels and assigns latin names.

Kingdom Eubacteria (Description)

Members of the domain Bacteria

Unicellular prokaryotes

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

Anaerobic and Aerobic

Kingdom Archaebacteria (Description)

Members of the domain Archaea

Unicellular prokaryotes

Live in extreme environments like volcanoes, hot springs, salt lakes, and mud that is devoid of oxygen

Kingdom Protista (Description)

Members of the domain Eukarya

Eukaryotes that can not classified as animals, plants, or fungi

Its members display the greatest variety

Unicellular or multicellular

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

Kingdom Fungi (Description)

Members of the domain Eukarya

Eukaryotes

Unicellular (yeasts) and multicellular (mushrooms)

Heterotrophs

Decomposers

Cell walls contain chitin

Kingdom Plantae (Description)

Members of the domain Eukarya

Eukaryotes

Multicellular

Photosynthetic autotrophs

Cell walls contain cellulose

Chloroplasts are present

Kingdom Animalia (Description)

Members of the domain Eukarya

Eukaryotes

Multicellular

Do NOT have cell walls

Kingdom Protista (Examples)

Protists; single-celled or multicellular organisms such as amoeba, euglena, paramecium, algae and slime molds

KIngdom Plantae (Examples)

Multicellular organisms that have cell walls mostly made of cellulose; most contain chloroplasts and make their own food through photosynthesis; examples include ferns, moss, flowering plants, trees

Kingdom Fungi (Examples)

Heterotrophs that get energy by absorbing materials; have cell walls containing chitin; examples include yeasts, molds, mushrooms

Kingdom Animalia (Examples)

Multicellular, heterotrophs that lack cell walls; do not have chloroplasts; examples include sponges, jellyfish, reptiles, insects, birds, fish and mammals

Kingdom Archaebacteria (Examples)

Unicellular, prokaryotes that live in extreme environments; can be autotrophs or heterotrophs; examples include halophiles, methanogens; thermophiles

Kingdom Eubacteria (Examples)

Unicellular, prokaryotes; can be autotrophs or heterotrophs; examples include E. coli and the bacteria that cause strep throat

E coli

I am a single-celled bacteria.

My cell wall contains peptidoglycan.

I am unicellular.

I am heterotrophic but some of my kin can make their own food.

Paramecium

I am unicellular and move around with the help of small hair-like projections called cilia.

It is hard to see but I have a nucleus.

I can be found living in water, lakes, and ponds and like to eat bacteria, yeasts and algae..

Euglena

I am unicellular and move around with the help of a long whip-like projection called a flagella.

I have a nucleus and chloroplast.

I can be found living in water, lakes, and ponds and like to eat bacteria, yeasts and algae.

Amoeba

I am unicellular and move around with the help of fingerlike projections called pseudopods.

I have a nucleus and vacuoles.

I am common in water and soil.

I like to eat bacteria and other small organisms.

Methanogen

I am unicellular. I can be commonly found in extreme environments and am very sensitive to oxygen.

I produce methane gas.

I am heterotrophic but some of my kind are autotrophic.

Yeast

I am unicellular and can be used to make bread. I am heterotrophic and reproduced by budding.

Mushrooms

I am multicellular and eukaryotic. I breakdown dead organic matter by secreting enzymes and then absorbing the nutrients.

Moss

I am a small flowerless plant that typically grows in dense green clumps or mats, often in damp or shady locations. People often confuse me for lichen.

Ferns

I am multicellular eukaryote that belongs the Kingdom Plantae. My cell walls contain cellulose and I make my own food using chloroplast to make glucose. People often use me as a household plant.

Sunflowers

I am multicellular autotroph. My cells contain chloroplasts and my cell walls contain cellulose. I like to soak up the sun and move toward light.

Sponges

I am multicellular eukaryote that belongs to the Kingdom Animalia. I have a tube-like segmented body. I like to live in the soil and leaf liter. I consume soil, extracting nutrients from decomposing organic matter like leaves and roots. I am vital to soil health and to plants growing in it because I transport nutrients and minerals from below to the surface via their waste. I can eat up to a third of its body weight in a day.

Jellyfish

Many people are surprised when they learn that I belong to the Kingdom Animalia. I have drifted along on ocean currents for millions of years, even before dinosaurs lived on the Earth. I like to dine on fish, shrimp, crabs and tiny plants. I have tiny stinging cells in my tentacles to stun or paralyze my prey before I eat them. I eat and discard waste from a small opening of my bell-shaped body.

Earthworm

I am multicellular eukaryote that belongs to the Kingdom Animalia. I have a tube-like segmented body. I like to live in the soil and leaf liter. I consume soil, extracting nutrients from decomposing organic matter like leaves and roots. I am vital to soil health and to plants growing in it because I transport nutrients and minerals from below to the surface via their waste. I can eat up to a third of its body weight in a day.

Goldfish

I am freshwater fish and am one of the first fish to be kept in an aquarium. I am multicellular and my cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Lizard

I am a reptile and am closely related to snakes. I rely on my eyesight and quick acting tongue to capture insects. I also use my tongue to smell.

Snakes

I can be found in many different habitats, including marshes, meadows, the edges of streams, and open woods. I prefer to be on the ground, in open areas without a lot of shrubs. During hibernation, I look for burrows, ant hills, and other dug-out underground areas. I am cold-blooded and like to find sunny rock to warm up.

Birds

I am a multicellular heterotroph and eat mostly seeds, insects and berries. I have feathers and can fly.

Pig

In the wild, I eat everything from leaves, roots, and fruit to rodents and small reptiles. On the farm I eat mostly corn. I am among the smartest of all domesticated animals and am even smarter than dogs.

Panda

Although classified as a flesh-eater, I feed almost exclusively on the stems, leaves and fresh young shoots of bamboo. I used to be on the endangered species list but due to conservation efforts I am now classified as vulnerable.

Dolphin

I am a highly intelligent marine dwelling mammal. I am part of the family o f toothed whales that include orcas and pilot whales. I am a carnivore and my favorite foods are squid and fish. I give birth to live young.