Exam 4: Chapter 21 – Water/Electrolytes/pH

What is the average body composition of adult male

28%

What is the average body composition of adult female

40%

In terms of electrolyte concentrations, how does extracellular fluid compare to intracellular fluid?

ECF = high sodium and chloride concentrations,

ICF = higher concentrations of potassium, magnesium, and phosphate

What factors are most important in influencing the movement of fluid between compartments?

Osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure

What is the largest compartment of extracellular fluid?

Interstitial fluid

What is the ratio of intracellular to extracellular fluids in the body of an average male?hat is the cause

2 to 1

What is metabolic water?

the water produced by an organism's internal chemical processes (metabolism)

What influences the thirst center in the hypothalamus?

Osmoreceptors are sensory receptors

How does ADH work?

Regulates water balance in the body by controlling water reabsorption in the kidneys

How do we gain water?

Gain through drinking fluids, eating foods with high water content, and through metabolic processes that produce water

How do we lose water?

We lose water through urine, perspiration , breathing, and feces

Know the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

A hormonal system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance in the body

What is the function of a diuretic?

Increasing urine production , thereby helping the body eliminate excess fluid and sodium through the kidneys

What is edema?

swelling, typically in the feet, ankles, legs, or other areas, caused by a buildup of fluid in the body’s tissues

What are the effects of hypokalemia?

muscle weakness, fatigue, cramps, and in severe cases, paralysis or even rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown)

What are the effects of Hyperkalemia?

Affecting the heart and muscles

What is hypocalcemia?

A condition where the blood calcium levels are abnormally low

How is hypocalcemia treated?

Calcium and vitamin D supplements

Meaning of acidity of a body fluid

a pH value below 7 indicates acidity

meaning of alkalinity of a body fluid

a pH above 7 means alkalinity

How do buffer systems minimize pH changes?

Neutralizing added acids or bases

Why are the chemical buffers considered the first line of defense
against changes in pH?

They can rapidly neutralize acids and bases, preventing drastic pH fluctuations

What is the definition of Bases?

A substance that accepts protons (H+) or donates hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution.

What is the definition of acids?

A substance that donates protons (H+) or accepts hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution.

In the bicarbonate buffer system, what acts as a weak base?

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

How does the respiratory system buffer a change in pH?

when the pH of the blood decreases concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood increase

How does the respiratory system buffer a change in the renal system?

Rapidly adjusting blood pH through changed in carbon dioxide levels, affect the concentration of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate in the kidneys

How does hyperventilation affect pH?

An increase in blood pH

How does Hypoventilation affect pH?

Decrease the blood pH

What pH is associated with acidosis?

below 7

What pH is associated with Alkalosis?

greater than 7

Common causes of Respiratory acidosis

COPD, asthma, pneumonia, drug overdose or sedation, Gullain Barre or Myasthenia gravis, obesity or chest issues, blocked air ways

Common causes of Respiratory alkalosis

Anxiety, panic attack, pain fever, low blood oxygen levels, and certain medications

Common causes of Metabolic acidosis

diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, and kidney problems

Common causes of Metabolic alkalosis

Excessive vomiting

What are the main sources of hydrogen ions in the body?

the dissociation of water, metabolic processes like cellular respiration and ketogenesis, and the buffering systems in the body