Unit 3 + 4 packets

Two empires in the Americas during the 1450-1750?

Aztec and Inca’s

5 European empires that rivaled one another during 1450-1750?

Spain, Portugal, France, England, and the Netherlands.

Four empires mentioned during 1450-1750

Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire, Safavid, and Russian Empire

Explain why the European empires were distinctive during the 1450-1750

Expansion of powerful empires controlling vast territories through military conquest, administrative reforms, and use of gunpowder weaponry, were conquered territories an ocean away from imperial heartland.

What geographic factors helped Europeans carve out large empires in the Americas?

Closer to the Americas, were able to expand influence more, fixed winds of the Atlantic blowing steadily in same direction—good for moonstones

Motives for European exploration

religious conservations, economic gain, knew margins position to world, natural resources led to expansion, growing merchant class, missionaries enlarged Christianity

Advantages Europeans had in takin colonies in th Americas (with Aztecs and INcas in particular)

state/training mobilized humans, material resources, innovations in map making, navigation, sailing techniques, ship design, ironworking tech, gunpowder weapons

Why did Aztec people voluntarily support European invaders like Hernan Cortes?

heavy tributes and practiced human sacrifices, Cortés exploited divisions, forming alliances with tribes eager to challenge the Aztec dominance

Who was Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that resulted in the fall of the Aztec Empire, conquests marked significant moment in the era of exploration and colonial expansion, showcasing impact of tech innovations in navigation/warfare while establishing Spanish maritime dominance in the Americas.

How did alliances help the Spanish military acheive victory over people in the Americas?

provided local knowledge, arguement to leverage existing rivalries among indigenous groups, enhancing the Spanish military's strategic advantages enabling them to conquer larger and more powerful empires.

List some diseases brought over to the Americas by Europeans

Small pox, measles, typhus, influenza, malaria, yellow fever

What percent of Native Americas populations died from diseases?

90

Why did the Americas lack immunity for these diseases?

Isolation from Afro-Eurasia world and domesticated animal absense

Little Ice Age

a period of cooler temperatures that lasted from approximately the 14th century to the mid-19th century

Little Ice Age impact

led to a decrease in average temperatures, Crop failures common due to shorter growing seasons, leading to food shortages/famine, Communities in Europe adapted by diversifying their crops and improving agricultural techniques, influenced migration patterns as people moved to more hospitable areas or sought new lands for farming

General Crisis

A period of widespread conflict and instability across Europe

Impact of General Crisis

Conflict, political changes, economic disruption, demographic shifts, social upheave

What 2 groups of people became labor force in Americas after Native American population was destroyed by disease?

Indigenous, European, and African people

Crops traveling from Europe to Americas

Wheat, rice, sugarcane, grapes, garden veggies, fruits

Animals traveling from Europe to Americas

horses, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats

food crops traveling from Americas to Europe

Corn, ptoatoes, cossava

food crops traveling from Americas to China

Corn, peanuts, sweet potatoes

food crops traveling from Americas to Africa

Sweet potatoes, tobacco

How were the populations of Europe affected by these new food crops from the Americas?

increases food availability, increases population with nutritious food

How were the populations of China affected by these new food crops from the Americas?

Sustained population

How were the populations of Africa affected by these new food crops from the Americas?

Gave human cargos food

Other crops exchanged around the world during this time

tobacco, cash crops, chocolate

Define Colombian Exchange

The network of communication, migration, trade, disease, and transfer of foods/plants/animals generated by European colonial empires

How did Western Europe position in world trade and dominance change during this time period?

Gained new info/understanding of world, started Industrial revolution, growing population, gained central/commanding role in world

Explain mercantilism

Economic theory that held that governments serve their countries economic interest and encouraged exports accumulating bullion

Bullion

Precious metals like silver/gold

How women were used to solidify the relationship between the Europeans and Native Americas

worked as slaves, people married elite woman back some received land, often raped/assulted

What was the economic foundation for Spanish colonial societies in the Americas?

Commercial agriculture and mining

Encomienda system

Legal right that gave colonial authroirities (Spanish settlers) to force natives to do labor and in return would Christinize them

Hacienda system

later replaced encomienda system, private owners of large estats that employed slaves

Creoles

Spinards born in Americas resenting the pretensions to superiority of thes born in Spain

Peninsulares

People born in Spain, higher than creoles, landowning spinards felt threatened by growing wealth of commercial groups

Describe the relationship between creoles and peninsulars

Penninsulares threatened by creoles, creoles resented spainians

How were women’s roles restricted in Spanish colonial society

can’t hold public office, viewed as weak, sexaulit controlled

How were women’s roles elevated in Spanish colonial society

Essential to link transmitting wealth

Mestizo

Mixed-race, population the product of unison with Spanish med and Indian woman

Relationship between mestizos and Spaniards (creoles and peninsulares)

mestizoes discriminated against, spainians looked down on mestizos, mestizos growing population made them useful

Examples of Native Americans adopting Spanish culture

converted to Christianity, moved to cities to work for money, ate meat, used plows and draft animals

Examples of Native Americans rejecting Spanish culture

gravitated to world of conqueres

What was dominant export of colonies in Brazil and Caribbean?

Sugar

Why was sugar produced on large-scale plantations

Took large amounts of labor, making it more efficient to grow in large quantities

Who made up labor force for these sugar plantations?

Slaves

Why did plantation owners often have to import fresh slaves instead of having the slaves they already purchases procreate to increase their labor force?

Harsh conditions led to high death rates

Mulatto

Product of European-African unions

What are some differences between slavery in British North America and slavery in Carribean and Brazil?

Slavery in Carribean harsher with high death rates, less opportunity for freedom, North America slavery more stable, higher birth rate in enslaved population, stricter racial binary system

How did British colonists’ motivations for going to the New World differ from those of Spanish or Portuguese colonists

British were motivated by religious freedom and established new society on religious beliefs, Spanish driven by wealth and converting to Catholicism

Settler Colonies

Independent farmers that worked on their own land and lacked indegenous, African, or mixed race people

Describe women’s roles in British Colonial society

Had gender limitation - role as wife and mother reinforced

How did the number of European colonists in British New England compare to the number of European colonists in Spanish and Portuguese colonies?

British was smaller

Difference between British New England colonies and Spanish mesoamerican colonies in religion?

England didn’t spread Christianity, reading Bible led to larger literacy rates in Latin America

Difference between British New England colonies and Spanish mesoamerican colonies in literacy?

Reading Bible led to larger lit rates in Latin American, woman’s rates lower

Difference between British New England colonies and Spanish mesoamerican colonies politically?

British were self-governorned, no bureaucracy, no attention to internal affairs

what is the irony of the history of the Americas?

The reversal of long-established relationships, balance of wealth and power shifted from Mesoamerica and Andres to latin America

Motives Russians had for conquering their pastoral neighbors and spreading east across Siberia?

opportunity for fur bearing animals, expanding territory, economic and social improvement

2 thigns Russian demand from their conquered people?

Oath of alliance and yasak (tribute)

How did Russian government encourage conquered people to convert to Christianity?

By offering tax breaks

What happened to most of Siberian natives overtime as their territory was absorbed into the Russian Empire?

decline in population, joined Russian empire, adopted their langauge and Christianity

What ways did Peter the Great “westernize” Russia?

Enlarged and modernized Russian military groups, new education system and dozens of manufacturing enterprises

Why does Russia struggle with an identity problem?

Became Asian power and straddling Asia and Europe was reason

Why did Russia need a militarized government with powerful monarchy?

It was a large state

How was Russian empire building different from empire building of Britian and Spain?

The Russians absorbed adjacent terrortories as it was taking shape

How were asian empires during 1450-1750 different from empires being built in the Americas and Russia?

Asian empires expanded bc of trade, didn’t have global reach, no devastating impact on conquered people, building didn’t transform imperial homeland

What dynasty replace the Ming Dynasty in China? Where were its rulers froM?

Qing Dynasty, rulers from Manchuria north of Great Wall

What ways did the Qing government officials maintain their distinctiveness from Chinese cultural traditions

maintain ethnic distinctiveness, forbidding intermarriage with the Chinese

What ways did Qing government give in and adopt Chinese traditions?

mastered Chinese language and Confucian teaching, used bureaucracy technqinues

What was the motivation for Chinese expansion during this era?

they remembered Mongol conquest and thought it was needed to defend themselves

How did the Chinese govern their newly acquired techniques?

Unified them

How did Chinese treat conquered people groups?

inexpensively, nobles abused powered, demanded extra taxes and resources, labor, hostile

How did the border of Manchu state (Qing Dynasty empire) compare to borders of modern day China?

Manchu Much larger, Incorporated other terrortories

How did the Chinese and Russian conquests in Eurasia change the way regions interacted with the world in trade?

Became backward and impoverished, Mongols lost land to Chinese merchants, ocean trade dominated more than land trade

What was the religion of the rulers of Mughal Dynasty? What was the religion of the majority of people living in India at the time?

Sunni Islam and Hindu

Describe examples of how Akbar tried to incorporate Hindu, Persian, and Turkic traditions into the Mughal

married princesses, incorparated it to political-military elite, supported building temples, mosques, palaces, forts, ulmma

how did Aurangzeb’s policy towards Hindu’s different from Akbar’s

wanted to impose Islamic supremacy, forbid sati, music and dance banned, some Hindu temples destroyed, demanded taxes, etc

Aurangzel

sixth ruler of the Mughal Empire, known for military conquests and policies that expanded the empire reign is marked by a shift towards orthodox Islamic governance, which significantly affected the political, social, and religious landscape of the empirS

Wht were some consequences of Aurangzeb’s harsh treatment of Hindus within Mughal Empire

opened way for British takeover, started opposition movements

How did women’s roles change as the Turks converted to Islam

increased rights, woman secluded and vailed, increase slave woman, restrict religious gatherings

How did women’s roles stay the same as the Turks converted to Islam

open association with men, political rights, new social powers

Why were the Ottomans in conflict with the Persian based Safavid Empire?

Religion - ottomans were sunni’s, but Safavids were Shia Muslims

What event marked the official collapse of the BYzantine Empire and when did it occur?

The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 - Turkic assault on Christians

Why did many Christians living in the region welcome Ottoman conquest?

Less taxes and opposition suppressed

Devshirme

A system in which the Ottoman Empire recruited Christian boys, converted them to Islam, and trained them for military or administrative service.

Distinctive features of European empires

Older patterns of historical developments, had more impact on people they incoorporated, gained lots of biological resources

4 things bought or sold by Europeans between 1450-1750

spices, silver, fur, slaves

Which European explorer sailed to India first and which country was he from?

Vasco Da Gama from portuguese

What motivated Europeans to find a route to the Asian trading markets?

New territories, competition for goods, desire for spices and silk

Positive changes occurring in Europe after the end of Black death

population growth, effective tax, built military forces with gun powder weapons

Why did Europeans want to find new route to Asia instead of obtained the goods from Merchants in the Middle East

To bypass Eastern merchants and gain direct access to goods

Why were Europeans in need of more gold/silver

gold/silver was how they paid for Eastern good

Which European country controls most colonial territory in Indian Ocean region around 1450-1750

Dutch

Why couldn’t Europeans sell their goods in Indian Ocean regions?

They were crude / unattractive to Asian markets

What country withdrew from the Indian Ocean -creating an opportunirt for Europeans to control it?

Chinese fleet under Ming Dynasty

Why were the Portuguese able to establish fortified bases in Indian Ocean regions so quickly/easily?

Their ships could outgun and outmaneuver competing naval forces

3 locations of Portuguese fortified bases during 1450-1750

Mombasa, Hormuz, Goa, Malacca

Trading post empire

A network of ports and coastal fortifications established by the Portuguese, focusing on controlling trade routes and securing commerce in the Indian Ocean not property/people

ways Portuguese tried to dominate Indian Ocean Trade

Required merchant vessels to buy pass, blocked Red Sea route to Mediterranean, monopolized highly profitable route around Africa to Europe