AP Psych Nervous & Endocrine system flashcards (A to B)

Action Potential

A temporary change in a neuron's electrical charge that happens when a nerve cell sends information down an axon, caused by the movement of ions across the membrane.

Adrenal Glands

Endocrine glands located above the kidneys that produce hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol, which help control heart rate, blood pressure, regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress reactions. They play a critical role in the body's fight-or-flight response.

Axon

The long, slender hair-like extension of a nerve cell (a neuron) that transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body and towards other neurons or muscles.

Amygdala

A portion of the limbic system located deep within the temporal lobes of the brain, involved in processing emotions such as fear and pleasure. It plays a key role in the formation of emotional memories and the regulation of emotional responses. It’s also linked to the formation of long-term memories.

Autonomic Nervous System

The portion of the nervous system responsible for controlling involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate. It consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, which regulate the body's responses to stress and relaxation. It operates automatically without conscious control, maintaining homeostasis.

Association Areas

Parts of the cerebral cortex that integrate information from different sensory modalities in the brain and are involved in higher cognitive functions such as perception, language, and decision-making.

All-or-none Law

This law states that a neuron either fires completely or not at all, meaning that the strength of the action potential is not dependent on the strength of the stimulus. Either a neuron receives sufficient stimulation from surrounding cells to fire, or it doesn’t. There is no variation in the size of the electrical impulse once the neuron fires.

Applied Research

Research aimed at solving practical problems and improving human conditions, often using theories and principles from basic research to develop solutions.

Blood-brain Barrier

A barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream while allowing essential nutrients to pass through. It’s composed of gia that prevents certain substances in the blood from reaching the brain tissue.

Brain Stem

The portion of the brain that connects the upper brain with the spinal cord. The brain system/stem is responsible for life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, respiration, and maintaining alertness.