chapter 13 exam study guide

2 major group of prokaryotes

bacteria and archaea

why are they different

NO NUCLEUS

eukaryotes

eukarya

how old is the earth and how do we know

4.5 billion years old, radioactive dating

prokaryotes were

the first life form and appeared 3.9 billion years ago

cyanobacteria

organisms that can photosynthesize

blue green algae

stromatolite

sedimentary structure formed when minerals are precipitated from water by prokaryotes

extremophiles

bacteria and archaea that grow in extreme environments

really hot places and really cold places

all cells have these 4 structures

cell membrane

cytoplasm

genetic material

ribosomes

prokaryotes reproduce by

binary fission (ASEXUAL)

binary fission exchanges DNA

FALSE

2 methods of asexual reproduction

binarry fission

budding

3 methods of genetic recombination

transformation transduction, conjugation

pathogenic

disease causing bacteria

pandemic

widespread, worldwide pandemic

epidemic

a disease that occurs in an unusually high number of individuals in a population at the same time

bioremediation

the use of prokaryotes to remove pollutants

commensalism

a relationship in which the bacterium benefits and the human host is neither benefitted nor harmed

endosymbiotic theory AND EX

eukaryotes are a product of one prokaryotic cell engulfing another, one living within another, and evolving together over time until the cells were no longer recognizable as separate

mitochondria, double membrane

protists

nearly all live in some aquatic environment, fresh water and damp places

parasite

species of protists tha live in another organism but dont kill it

most protists

microscopic and unicellular and can also live in colonies

share bing eukaryotic, HAVE A NUCLEUS AND MEMBRANE

plant parasites

protist can cause potatoes to turn into black slime

good protist

plankton, is consumed by a lot of animals in the ocean

phagocytosis

how protists ingest food;

engulfing large food particles

why do we have so many microbes that are resistant to antibiotics?

the overuse and incorrect use of antibiotics, like not completing the full round

difference between fungi/ plants/animals

fungi doesnt photosynthesize like plants, and they dont ingest their food like animals do.

they can reproduce sexually/asexually

fungi is more closer to which group

animals

when did eukaryotic cells arise

2.1 billion years ago

saprobe

organisms that feed on dead organisms/ waste matter produced by organisms

how do fungi obtain nutrition

heterotrophs, they use organic compounds as a source of carbon.

consume other organisms for nutrition

mycorrhizae

associations between plant roots and symbiotic fungi

benfits of fungi

principle decomposers

forms of mushroom and yeast that is able to make consummable products for huamns like bread and beer

lichens

fungus that lives in close association with a photo synthetic partner (algea or cyanobacteria)

how did cyanobacteria and stromatolites change conditions on early earth

cyanobacteria evolved and added oxygen to atmosphere

harmful protist human

amoeaba

can cause stomach illness

beneficial protist

algae

produces oxygen