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Patriarch/property marriage
A model of marriage in which women and children are owned by men.
Breadwinner/homemaker marriage
A model of marriage that involves a wage-earning spouse supporting a stay-at-home spouse and children.
Family wage
An income, paid to a man, that is large enough to support a non-working wife and children
Ideology of separate spheres
The idea that the home is a feminine space best tended by women and work is a masculine space best suited to men.
Heteronormative
Promoting heterosexuality as the only or preferred sexual identity, making other sexual desires invisible or casting them as inferior
Mononormative
Promoting monogamy, or the requirement that spouses have sexual relations only with each other.
Pro-natal
Promoting childbearing and stigmatizing choosing to go child-free.
Partnership unions
A relationship model based on love and companionship between equals.
Sexism
The production of unjust outcomes for people perceived to be biologically female.
Androcentrism
The production of unjust outcomes for people who perform femininity.
Hegemonic masculinity
The form of masculinity that constitutes the most widely admired and rewarded kind of person in any given culture.
subordinated masculinities
masculinities that are viewed as inferior or "not masculine"
marginalized masculinities
men perceived to be sufficiently masculine but are considered lesser by virtue of another social identity
Second shift
The unpaid work of housekeeping and childcare that faces family members once they return home from their paid jobs.
Time-use diary
A research method in which participants are asked to self- report their activities at regular intervals over at least twenty-four hours.
Ideal worker norm:
The idea that an employee should devote themselves to their jobs wholly and without the distraction of family responsibilities.
greedy institutions
ones that take up a great deal of time and energy.
Shared division of labor
An arrangement in which both partners do an equal share of paid and unpaid work .
Specialized division of labor:
An arrangement in which one partner does more paid work than childcare and housework and the other does the inverse.
cult of domesticity
the idea that women could and should wholeheartedly embrace the work of making a loving home.
Ideology of intensive motherhood
The idea that children require concentrated maternal investment.
helicopter parenting
In constant connection with their children, often allowing little to no autonomy
Feminization of poverty
A concentration of women, trans women, and gay, bisexual, and gender-nonconforming men at the bottom of the income scale and a concentration of gender-conforming, heterosexual, cisgender men at the top.
Glass escalator
An invisible ride to the top offered to men in female-dominated occupations
Job segregation
The sorting of people with different social identities into separate occupations.
Androcentric pay scale
A positive correlation between the number of men in an occupation relative to women and the wages paid to employees.
Care work
Work that involves face-to-face caretaking of the physical, emotional, and educational needs of others
Male flight
A phenomenon in which men start abandoning an activity when women start adopting it.
Stalled revolution:
a sweeping change in gender relations that started but has yet to be fully realized.
Freedom/power paradox
A situation whereby women have more freedom than men but less power, and men have more power than women but less freedom.
Domestic outsourcing
Paying non-family members to do family-related tasks
Global care chains
A series of nurturing relationships in which the international work of care is displaced onto increasingly disadvantaged paid or unpaid work
Which marriage model emerged by the time the Industrial Revolution was in full swing?
breadwinner/homemaker marriage
Who argued that men and women were "opposite" sexes?
Talcott Parsons
During World War II, women of the ________ flooded workplaces to fill jobs once restricted to men.
middle classes
What is now the most common kind of household?
dual-earner
What is the form of masculinity that constitutes the most widely admired and rewarded kind of person in any given culture?
hegemonic
