Sociology Chapter 9: Gendered Oppression

Patriarch/property marriage

A model of marriage in which women and children are owned by men.

Breadwinner/homemaker marriage

A model of marriage that involves a wage-earning spouse supporting a stay-at-home spouse and children.

Family wage

An income, paid to a man, that is large enough to support a non-working wife and children

Ideology of separate spheres

The idea that the home is a feminine space best tended by women and work is a masculine space best suited to men.

Heteronormative

Promoting heterosexuality as the only or preferred sexual identity, making other sexual desires invisible or casting them as inferior

Mononormative

Promoting monogamy, or the requirement that spouses have sexual relations only with each other.

Pro-natal

Promoting childbearing and stigmatizing choosing to go child-free.

Partnership unions

A relationship model based on love and companionship between equals.

Sexism

The production of unjust outcomes for people perceived to be biologically female.

Androcentrism

The production of unjust outcomes for people who perform femininity.

Hegemonic masculinity

The form of masculinity that constitutes the most widely admired and rewarded kind of person in any given culture.

subordinated masculinities

masculinities that are viewed as inferior or "not masculine"

marginalized masculinities

men perceived to be sufficiently masculine but are considered lesser by virtue of another social identity

Second shift

The unpaid work of housekeeping and childcare that faces family members once they return home from their paid jobs.

Time-use diary

A research method in which participants are asked to self- report their activities at regular intervals over at least twenty-four hours.

Ideal worker norm:

The idea that an employee should devote themselves to their jobs wholly and without the distraction of family responsibilities.

greedy institutions

ones that take up a great deal of time and energy.

Shared division of labor

An arrangement in which both partners do an equal share of paid and unpaid work .

Specialized division of labor:

An arrangement in which one partner does more paid work than childcare and housework and the other does the inverse.

cult of domesticity

the idea that women could and should wholeheartedly embrace the work of making a loving home.

Ideology of intensive motherhood

The idea that children require concentrated maternal investment.

helicopter parenting

In constant connection with their children, often allowing little to no autonomy

Feminization of poverty

A concentration of women, trans women, and gay, bisexual, and gender-nonconforming men at the bottom of the income scale and a concentration of gender-conforming, heterosexual, cisgender men at the top.

Glass escalator

An invisible ride to the top offered to men in female-dominated occupations

Job segregation

The sorting of people with different social identities into separate occupations.

Androcentric pay scale

A positive correlation between the number of men in an occupation relative to women and the wages paid to employees.

Care work

Work that involves face-to-face caretaking of the physical, emotional, and educational needs of others

Male flight

A phenomenon in which men start abandoning an activity when women start adopting it.

Stalled revolution:

a sweeping change in gender relations that started but has yet to be fully realized.

Freedom/power paradox

A situation whereby women have more freedom than men but less power, and men have more power than women but less freedom.

Domestic outsourcing

Paying non-family members to do family-related tasks

Global care chains

A series of nurturing relationships in which the international work of care is displaced onto increasingly disadvantaged paid or unpaid work

Which marriage model emerged by the time the Industrial Revolution was in full swing?

breadwinner/homemaker marriage

Who argued that men and women were "opposite" sexes?

Talcott Parsons

During World War II, women of the ________ flooded workplaces to fill jobs once restricted to men.

middle classes

What is now the most common kind of household?

dual-earner

What is the form of masculinity that constitutes the most widely admired and rewarded kind of person in any given culture?

hegemonic