Education

What are the 3 functions of education according to Parsons?

• Secondary socialisation to norms

• Economic benefit of having an educated work force

• Selection (sifting and sorting into roles)

What is the difference between setting and streaming?

Setting is subject specific, streaming is across all of school.

What did Douglas argue?

That W/C parents have lower aspirations

How does Giroux criticises the Marxist approach to education?

Says it is determinist, as W/C have free will and the education system has autonomy.

What is a neo-liberal perspective on education?

New Right

What are 3 characteristics of an anti-school subcultures?

• Non conformity to rules

• Negative attitude to teachers

• Lower achievement

What are the two main external factors which lead to difference in educational achievement according to class?

• Cultural deprivation

• Material deprivation

What did Bowles and Gintis create?

The correspondence principle

What are the 5 male subcultures Mac and Ghail outlined?

• Academic achievers

• Gay students

• Real Englishmen

• Macho lads

• New enterprisers

Which government policy introduced the national curriculum?

Education Reform Act (1988)

What are the 2 main internal factors influencing subject choice?

• Gendered subject image

• Peer pressure

What does the Social Democratic Perspective suggest?

That the government should make more opportunities for society to be equal and meritocratic.

What is the purpose of the New Labour Policy- New Deal for Young People?

To lower unemployment.

Give 4 internal factors affecting differential educational achievement?

• Labelling

• Self fulfilling prophecy

• Streaming

• Subcultures

Explain differential educational achievement

How educational achievement differs in groups (i.e., racial groups, across sexes etc)

What did the Swan report state?

That socio-economic factors were the most significant in the underachievement of Afro-Caribbean pupils.

How does Althusser describe education?

Ideological State Apparatus

What did Althusser outline?

ISA: Ideological state apparatus and is used to indoctrinate and normalise the oppression of the proletariat, i.e., religion and school.
RSA: Repressive state apparatus uses force to maintain capitalism ,i.e., the army.

How does Bourdieu contradict Parsons?

Says education does not ‘sift and sort’ but leads to cultural reproduction.

What did the New Right suggest?

Greater focus on vocational education to prepare students for work.

Define Parentocrasy

Parents having more control in education, i.e., where to send children.

What is ‘educational triage’?

Rationing educational resources to prioritise those close to passing but not quite doing so (C/D borderline)

What does Coard argue?

Ethnocentric curriculum is perpetuating institutional racism.

Give 2 external factors linked to male underachievement

• Lack of literacy skills

• Lack of male role models i.e., teachers

Give 4 main ways to groups students in schools

• Mixed ability

• Setting

• Streaming

• Class groups

Explain cultural capital

Middle class values, skills and values rewarded by the education system as laid out by Bourdieu.

Give 3 examples of material deprivation

• Poor diet

• Crowded or unsuitable living

• Unable to afford hidden costs of free education

What did Sue Sharpe study?

Girls changing aspirations between 1970’sand 1990’s, finding a shift in priorities towards careers.

Give Sewell’s 4 Afro-Caribbean subcultures

• Conformists

• Innovators

• Retreatists

• Rebels

Define Particularistic values

Values only centred around one person which do not apply to everyone everywhere, which are taught during Primary socialisation to young children and are later eclipsed by universalistic values.

Outline Willis

Willis studied 12 working class boys known as ‘the Lads’ in interviews called ‘Learning to Labour’.

Explain the correspondence principle

The education system mimics the work place.

Define self-fulfilling prophecy

A student subconsciously living up to the label assigned to them by the teacher or school.

Explain material deprivation

A pupil being deprived of necessities aiding educational success, such as revision space or a good diet.

What are Sugarman’s 4 socialised values preventing W/C students from succeeding in education?

• Fatalism

• Immediate gratification

• Present time orientation

• Collectivism

Define present time orientation

Thinking the present is more important than the future.

What are the 3 parts of the tripartite education system?

• Grammar schools

• Secondary modern

• Technical schools

Outline Bernstein’s language codes?

ELABORATED CODE: Spoken by upper/middle classes, involves more complex and descriptive language, used by schools.
RESTRICTED: Spoken by W/C, less descriptive, relies on context, looked down on by schools.

What is GIST?

Girls In Science and Technology- an example of a government policy designed to encourage girls in STEM.

What is the ‘Halo’ effect?

When a student is stereotyped on a first impression as extremely bright or stupid.

Outline Davis and Moore

Education sifts and sorts into roles

Give 5 ways schools mimic workplaces

• Uniforms

• Hierarchy

• Routine

• Boredom

• Disciple

Outline Keddie

Said cultural deprivation was victim blaming.

Give 4 examples of schools becoming more specialised

• Virtual schools

• Faith schools

• Free schools

• Specialised schools

Define cultural deprivation

A lack of middle class values or experiences which can limit school success.

What did Durkheim claim was the role of education?

To teach norms, enabling social cohesion.

Outline what Gilbourn and Youdell said about expectation

Teachers radicalised their expectations, particularly referring to black pupils and were quicker to discipline them.

What is compensatory education?

Policies designed to help poorer or disadvantaged pupils.

Define meritocracy

The belief something (in this case the education system) is fair, and success is based entirely on how much you deserve it due to your hard work or achievement.

Outline Chubb and Moe

Said marketisation policies that would encourage a parentocracy such as vouchers would improve education.

What is a vocational study?

One relating to a specific job.

What do interactionists believe?

Believe a students education is the interactions with teachers has a huge impact on their education.

Define hidden curriculum

Theory that students are taught things outside of lessons- such as obedience, team work or punctuality.

Give the postmodernist view of education

Education is less one-size-fits-all now and is more tailored to the individual.

What are internal factors?

Factors within the education system, i.e., teacher labelling.

Outline Murray

Argued black boys underachieve due to a lack of male role models.

Give 4 external factors explaining the gender gap in education

• Feminism

• Changing priorities

• Changes in the family

• Changes in employment

What is ascribed status?

Status given based on birth, biology, or family characteristics.

Outline Fuller

Said black girls adopt pro-education subcultures while rejecting schools and institutions in order to subvert teacher labelling.

Outline Becker

Created the ‘ideal pupil’ who would be white, female, middle class and therefore would be labelled well by teachers and treated differently.

Give 3 factors forming basic cultural equipment?

• Language

• Self discipline

• Reasoning

Explain fatalism

Acceptance of negative situation in classroom, giving up.

Explain immediate gratification

Pupils react by seeking immediate gratification for efforts and so struggle planning long term or considering long term rewards and consequences.

Which was the first policy to ensure all children in England would have a secondary education?

Butler Act 1944

Define cream skimming

Schools take on higher ability students through selection processes to benefit their own data.

Define silt shifting

Schools not taking on pupils with worse records academically to benefit their data.

Who coined the terms ‘silt shifting’ and ‘cream skimming’?

Bartlett

Outline Bereiter and Engleman

Considered the language used by typically W/C black Americans ‘inadequate’ for educational success.

Outline Hyman

Claimed value systems within the W/C create a self-imposed barrier to success.

Who argued social deprivation was why black pupils do worse?

Douglas

When was the national curriculum introduced?

1988

Give the 3 quality-assurance methods for the education system

• Ofsted

• League/performance tables

• National curriculum

Outline Hargreaves

Anti-school subcultures are a result of negative labelling.

What did Rosenthal and Jacobson study?

Self fulfilling prophecy.

What year were comprehensive schools introduced?

1965

What is meant by liberal education?

That children should be exposed to a wide range of academic disciplines to produce well rounded critical thinkers.

Give an advantage to comprehensive schools

Break down of social divide.

Give a criticism of comprehensive schools

Didn’t effectively break down class barriers due to self-segregation.

Explain Trust schools

Introduced under Labour, took control from local authority and gave funding, staffing and curriculum control to school trusts.

What does feminised education mean?

More female teachers mean education is seen as a ‘woman’s interest’ and male pupils are less likely to listen.

How does the hidden curriculum prepare pupils?

Reflects societal values and prepares them for their place in society.

What proportion of 11+ pupils were W/C?

10%

Give 2 disadvantage of streaming

• Teachers pay less attention to lower classes (labelling)

• Most pupils in these pupils are of minority groups due to teacher bias

Give 2 criticisms of marketisation of education

• Less care taken for pupils, holistic care reduced

• Reproduces inequality through postcode lottery

Give an advantage of streaming

Pupils receive work catered to their ability

Outline Heath and Ridge

Higher percentages of W/C pupils drop out at the first chance.

What is the privatisation of education?

Allowing schools to privatise aspects of schooling, i.e., catering companies, agency substitute teachers.

Give 2 policies aimed at reducing gender disparities in education

• Coursework introduction

• National literacy strategies

Outline Schulz

Presented that education is to provide human capital.

What is formula funding

Schools receiving money based on pupil intake.

Outline Feinstein

Suggested middle class parents are more involved than W/C parents

Outline Gerwitz’s 3 parental choosers

• Skilled choosers

• Semi-skilled

• Disconnected

Give characteristics of hyper-heterosexualised feminine identity

Loud and brash, boyfriend, symbolic capital, Nike identities.

Who coined the term Nike identities?

Archer et al.

What was Rosenthal and Jacobson’s study called?

The Pygmalion study or the Pygmalion effect study into teacher labelling.

What are Archer’s 3 ethnically based labels?

• Ideal pupil

• Pathologised pupil

• Demonised pupil

Give 2 ways the education system is suggested to be institutionally racist

• Ethnocentric curriculum

• Critical race theory

What is a ‘working class girl’s dilemma’?

Struggle of whether to aim for symbolic or educational capital.

What does the term ‘symbolic violence’ mean?

Dismissal of W/C culture as unimportant.