human geography ap test vocab

1st agricultural revolution

the transition from hunting and gathering to planting and sustaining

2nd agricultural revolution

the mechanization of agricultural production, advances in transportation, development of large - scale irrigation and changes to consumption patterns of agricultural goods

3rd agricultural revolution

hybridization and genetic engineering of products and the increase use of pesticides and fertilizers

absolute location

position on earth's surface using the coordinate system of longitude and latitude

acculturation

the adoption of cultural traits, such as languages by one group under the influence of another group

activity space

a geographic extent in which people move in the course of their daily activities

afro-asiatic language family

used in west africa and north africa and the main language is arabic

age cohort

a group of people with a similar age

age distribution

the proportion of individuals of different ages within a population

agribusiness

the industry enterprises and the field of study related to farming

agricultural orgins

through time nomadic people noticed the growing of plants in a cycle and began to domesticate them and use them for their own use

agriculture

the deliberate effort to modify a portion of earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for subsistence or economic gain

animal domestication

the taming of animals through generations of breeding for selling or using byproducts

annexation

to incorporate into an existing political unit such as a country, state, county, or city

antecedent boundary

the name of a boundary between two states that is created before the area is populated with human society

apartheid

the implantation and maintenance of a system of legalised racial segregation in which one racial group is deprived of political and civil rights

aquaculture

the cultivation of aquatic organisms specifically for food

arithmetic density

the total number of people in any given area as compared to one's square unit of land

assimilation

the process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities, or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture

balkanization

the fragmentation of a region into smaller, often hostile, political units

berlin conference of 1884

regulated european colonization and trade in africa during the period known as new imperialism

biotechnology

a form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify or make products, plants, animals, and microorganisms for specific purposes

blackbusting

a practice where real estate agents convinced white homeowners living near a black area at low prices, preying on their fears that black families would move in and property values would decline

boomburb

a suburb that is experiencing "rapid" population growth

border landscape

the complex representation of the environment around that area

boundary dispute

a disagreement over the location or demarcation of a border between two or more countries, states, or other political or geographic entities

break of bulk points

airports and seaports

buddhism

based on buddha and holding a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire

buddhism

originated in india

buddhism

practiced in cambodia, thailand, burma, and laos

buffer state

a relatively small natural state between two rival powers

built landscape

an area of land represented by its features and patterns of human occupation and use of natural resources (changing attribute of a place

business services

banks, lawyers, insurance

cafo (concentrated animal feeding operation)

an animal feeding operation that concentrates large numbers of animal in relatively small confined places

carl sauer and the cultural landscape

sauer proposed that cultural landscapes occur because of the human population and the ways humans defined the enviroment that we all live in

carrying capacity

the largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can support

central business district (cbd)

the area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered

central place

a market center from the exchange of goods,

central place theory

in any govern region there can only be one large "central city"

chain migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

chemical farming

farming techniques that use high quantities of fertilizers, pesticide, and herbicides to accommodate genetically modified seeds or less fertile soil

christianity

monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as embodied in the New Testament, emphasizing the role of Jesus as a Savoir

christianity

originated in judea (worshipped in church)

christianity

practiced in europe, americas, philippines, and sub-saharan africa

city - state

a small sovereign state that is made up of a town or city and the surrounding area

climate refugee

people who are forced to leave their home region due to sudden or long term changes in their local environment

commercial agriculture

grow enough to sell to others rather than meet their own needs

commodity chains

a linked system of processes that gather resources, convert them into goods, package them for distribution, disperse them, and sell them on the market

confederation

a form of an international organization that brings several autonomous states together for a common purpose

consumer services

grocery stores, restaurants, clothing stores, hospitals, entertainment, gas stations

contagious diffusion

a form of expansion in which people near the point of origin become adapters of a cultural lead

core countries

a country that is well - developed with a strong economic base

creole

formed by the combination of two or more languages

crop rotation

rotates the use of different fields from crop to crop, each year, to avoid exhausting the soil

cultural landscape

cultural attributes of an area often usd to describe a place

cultural landscape

landscpaes that have been affected, influenced, or shaped by human involvement

cultural relativism

understanding a culture on its own terms rather than judging it by the standards or customs of one's own culture

culture traits

the specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture

culture traits

the specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture

cyclic movement

regular journey that begins at a home base and returns to the exact same place

dairy farming

raising livestock (commonly cows and goats) for milk, eggs, butter, etc.

decolonization

a process by which colonies become independent of the colonizing country

demographic momentum

the tendency for a growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their lowind age distribution

demographic transition model

a tool demographers use to categorize countries' population growth rates and economic structures

dependency ratio

the number of people under 15 and over the age of 64

desertification

the process by which previously fertile lands become arid and unusable for farming

devolution

transfer of power from a central government to a lower level of government

dialect

a regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

distance decay

describes how the strength of a relationship between people, places, or systems decreases as separation between them increases

distance decay

the shorter the distance the more likely the interaction will occur and the greater the distance the less likely the interaction will occur

domino theory

the idea that if one land in a region came under the influence of communists then more would follow in a domino effect

double cropping

the growing of two crops per growing season to improve the harvest

doubling time

the number of years needed to double a population assuming a constant rate of natural increase

economies of scale

the reduction (in the per unit cost of productions) as the volume of production increases

ecumene

the portion of the Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement

environmental determinism

a philosophy of geography that stated that human behaviors are a direct result of the surrounding environment

epidemiological transition model

describes changing patterns of population distributions in relation to changing patterns of mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and leading causes of death

equator

an imaginary line around the middle of our planet

ethnic cleansing (Myanmar, Kosovo, Bosnia/Serbia/Croatia)

when a people group commit mass killing of a particular ethnic group when they do not want to exist

ethnic enclave

a geographical area where a particular ethnic group is spatially clustered and socially and economically distinct from the majority group

ethnic religions

a religion that is particular to one culturally distinct group of people and do not seek converts

ethnicity

identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth

ethnocentrism

the feeling that one's own ethnic group is superior

ethnographic / cultural boundary

boundaries based on ethnographic and cultural considerations such as language and religion

european union

a unique partnership between 27 european countries known as member states or EU countries

exclave

a country or part of a country which is geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory

expansion diffusion

when innovation spreads to new places while staying strong in their original locations

extensive agriculture

uses small inputs of labor in relation to the area of land being farmed

exurb

suburbs that are farther spread out from the city and more rural areas

feedlots

places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter

fishing

the activity of hunting for fish by hooking, trapping, etc.

folk culture

the practice of particular customs of a relatively small group of people that increases the groups influences

food chain

the feeding relationships between species

food desert

an area with limited access to healthy and affordable food

footloose industry

an industry that can be located anywhere without affecting the factors of production

forced migration

the coerced movement of a person or persons away from their home or home region

forestry

the practice of studying and managing forests, plantations, and related natural resources

formal/uniform regions

an area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics (you can count how many people are in this region)

forward capital

a symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic of strategic reasons

friction of distance

the measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places