APUSH UNIT 7 TEST

Lusitania

The sinking of the Lusitania was the first event that threatened American neutrality in WWI.

U-boats

Germans had been using U-boats to sink the ships of Britain and its allies.

American passengers on Lusitania

The Lusitania had 128 American passengers, who were killed by the U-boat attack.

President Wilson's response to Lusitania

Wilson remained neutral but began to build up the US military after the sinking.

Zimmermann Telegram

A telegram sent by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman to Mexico proposing an alliance.

Impact of Zimmermann Telegram

The telegram was intercepted by the US, causing public outrage and an end to American neutrality.

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

An armed force led by General Pershing sent to fight in Europe alongside Britain and France.

1918-1919 Flu Pandemic

A flu pandemic that caused the death of millions and affected US soldiers during WWI.

War Industries Board (WIB)

Created in July 1917 to manage military production, regulating resources, prices, and production processes.

Bernard Baruch

Financier who headed the War Industries Board.

National War Labor Board (NWLB)

Founded in April 1918 to regulate labor and protect workers' rights during the war.

CPI

The Committee on Public Information was created to foster patriotism and unity among Americans.

Four-Minute Men

Volunteers recruited by the CPI to spread pro-war propaganda through short speeches.

Sedition Act

Passed in 1918 to limit free speech by prohibiting actions that incited anti-war sentiment.

Espionage Act

Criminalized actions that impeded the war effort or aided enemies, passed in 1917.

Great Migration

The migration of more than 400,000 African Americans to large cities in the North for work.

Alice Paul

Leader of the women's suffrage movement and founder of the National Woman's Party.

19th Amendment

Passed in 1919, it granted women the right to vote.

Fourteen Points

Wilson's principles for maintaining world peace after WWI, including open diplomacy and self-determination.

League of Nations

Proposed by Wilson as a coalition to maintain peace, but the US did not join.

Treaty of Versailles

Ended WWI in 1919, imposing heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany.

Red Scare

Anticommunist hysteria in the US after WWI, fueled by fears of a communist revolution.

A. Mitchell Palmer

Led Palmer raids against radical organizations during the Red Scare.

Palmer Raids

Targeted raids against leftist and immigrant organizations, resulting in thousands of arrests.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Two Italian immigrants arrested for murder during the Red Scare.

Nicola Sacco

A shoemaker accused and convicted of robbing a Massachusetts shoe company and killing two men in 1920.

Bartolomeo Vanzetti

A fish peddler accused and convicted alongside Nicola Sacco in 1920.

Red Summer

Refers to the race riots that occurred in various cities during the summer and fall of 1919.

Chicago Race Riot

A violent race riot in Chicago in 1919, incited by the death of a black teenager due to white youth violence.

Greenwood Massacre

In June 1921, white mobs attacked the Greenwood district of Tulsa, Oklahoma, killing Black Tulsans and burning the area.

Dollar Diplomacy

America's overseas policies aimed at fostering political relationships and advancing economic interests in Latin America.

Teapot Dome

A bribery scandal involving Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall and the leasing of oil reserves for bribes.

Flapper

Women of the Roaring 20s who challenged social norms, promoting greater freedom in clothing and lifestyle.

Ford Model T

The most popular automobile of the Roaring 20s, known for its affordability and contribution to suburban growth.

18th Amendment

Ratified in 1917, it banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages in the US.

Speakeasies

Illegal drinking sites where people could find alcohol during the era of prohibition.

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

A group created during the Red Scare to protect freedom of speech and civil liberties.

Scopes Trial

The 1925 trial of John T. Scopes for violating the Tennessee law banning the teaching of evolution.

National Origins Act 1924

Legislation that regulated immigration by limiting annual immigrants from each country to 2% of their population in 1890.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural movement centered in New York City that celebrated African American culture through art, literature, and music.

Jazz

A new form of music that developed during the Harlem Renaissance, characterized by improvisation.

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

An organization led by Marcus Garvey promoting black nationalism and encouraging African Americans to move to Africa.

"On margin" stock purchases

Buying stocks with borrowed money, a common practice before the Great Depression that led to widespread debt.

New Deal

President Franklin D Roosevelt's series of programs implemented to end the Great Depression, focusing on relief, recovery, and reform.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

A 1930 tariff that increased tariffs on imported goods, worsening the economy and leading to retaliatory tariffs from other countries.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

Established in 1932 to provide federal loans to banks and businesses, but did not loan sufficient money during the Great Depression.

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns built during the Great Depression due to the housing crisis.

Hoover blankets

Newspapers used as blankets by homeless people during the Great Depression.

Bonus Army

A group of unemployed World War I veterans who protested for early pension payments.

Election of 1932

The election where FDR was nominated by the Democrats and Hoover by the Republicans.

20th Amendment

Ratified in 1933, it changed the inauguration date of the President to January 20th.

fireside chats

Informal radio addresses by FDR to explain his policies and the New Deal.

Hundred Days

The first few months of FDR's presidency focused on passing legislation to combat the Great Depression.

Emergency Banking Act

An act passed to regulate the reopening of banks after the national bank holiday.

Glass-Steagall Act

A 1933 act that created the FDIC and regulated banking practices to prevent financial crises.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

A 1933 act that regulated farm production to increase prices and farmers' income.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Established in 1933 to manage industry and help businesses recover.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

Created to provide federal funding for state relief and combat unemployment.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Provided jobs to unemployed young men for environmental projects.

Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)

Refinanced home mortgages to help Americans keep their homes during the economic depression.

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

Established in 1934 to insure mortgages and help families afford housing.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Created in 1934 to manage the stock market and prevent insider trading.

Banking Act of 1935

Extended the Federal Reserve and FDIC to reform the federal banking system.

Townsend Plans

Proposed monthly pensions for the elderly, advocating $200 payments for those over 60.

Huey Long/Share Our Wealth

A plan proposed by Huey Long to redistribute wealth through heavy taxation.

Second New Deal

Legislation passed by Roosevelt in response to criticism he faced during his presidency.

Revenue Act of 1935

FDR's response to the Share Our Wealth Society, increasing taxes on corporate profits and imposing income and estate taxes on the rich.

Wealth Tax

A new progressive tax on income introduced by the Revenue Act of 1935.

Wagner Act

Enacted in 1935 to regulate the relationship between employer and employee, allowing workers the right to unionize.

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

Established by the Wagner Act to protect workers from employers and their unfair labor practices.

Social Security Act

Created in 1935, providing old-age pensions, unemployment compensation, and support for widowed mothers and the disabled.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Established in 1935 to combat unemployment, employing about 8.5 million Americans for various public works projects.

New Deal coalition

The groups that supported the Democratic Party and FDR's New Deal, including workers, farmers, and African Americans.

Roosevelt recession

A recession in 1937 caused by budget cuts, leading to increased unemployment and a halt in economic recovery.

Keynesian economics

Developed by John Maynard Keynes, advocating for government deficit spending to manage economic cycles.

Frances Perkins

The first woman to hold a cabinet post, serving as secretary of labor during Roosevelt's presidency.

Mary McLeod Bethune

A black woman appointed to government office under Roosevelt, advocating for African American rights.

Scottsboro Boys

Nine young black men falsely accused of raping two white women, receiving sympathy from African Americans.

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

Created by John Collier to mend the relationship between the US and Native Americans.

Indian Reorganization Act

Passed in 1934, giving Indians self-governance and greater religious freedom, reversing the Dawes Act.

Dust Bowl

A drought area in the Southern Plains from 1930 to 1941, leading to migration and government intervention.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Developed in 1933 to modernize the South, bringing rural electrification and industrial development.

Federal Writers' Project (FWP)

Part of the WPA, focusing on employing writers and historians to create written work and collect stories.

Fascism

An antidemocratic movement characterized by dictatorial rule, originating in Italy and spreading to Germany.

Nye Committee

Formed in 1934 to investigate munitions industries during WWI, influencing Congress to prevent future wars.

Neutrality Act of 1935

Passed to prevent American intervention in overseas wars, placing an embargo on selling weapons to warring countries.

Cash-and-carry

A requirement part of the Neutrality Acts of the 1930s.

Cash and carry

A requirement for nations to pay in cash and transport items themselves for nonmilitary goods during war.

America First Committee (AFC)

A group formed by isolationists to keep the US out of war, spreading anti-war messages through rallies and pamphlets.

Four Freedoms

Roosevelt's justification for supporting Britain during WWII, defined as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.

Lend-Lease Act

A 1941 Act allowing the US to lend arms and equipment to Britain and other nations without cash payment, marking America's unofficial entrance into WWII.

Atlantic Charter

A press release outlining the fundamental points of the Western cause based on the 1941 meeting between Roosevelt and Churchill.

Pearl Harbor

The December 7, 1941 attack by Japanese bombers on an American naval base, killing 2,400 Americans and leading to the US declaring war.

Allied Powers 1941

The Allied Powers included the US, France, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union, led by Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin.

Axis Powers 1941

The Axis Powers were Germany, Italy, and Japan, led by Hitler, Mussolini, and Emperor Hirohito.

Code talkers

Native American soldiers who used their languages to create codes for military communication, crucial during battles like Iwo Jima.

WAC/WAVES/WASPs

Military branches for women during WWII, where about 350,000 women served in various non-combat roles.

Rosie the Riveter

An image created to encourage women to work in defense industries during WWII.

Double V Campaign

A campaign by African Americans seeking victory abroad against fascism and victory at home against racial discrimination.

A. Phillip Randolph

Leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, who planned a march on Washington to combat racism.