sociology - families and households

what is the domestic division of labour

the chores and roles that men and women play in relation to housework, childcare and paid work.

what functionalist said roles for men and women in the family are seperate

parsons

what role did parsons see the husbands as having

the instrumental role

what is the instrumental role also known as

the breadwinner

what role did parsons say the wife takes on in the family

the expressive role

what are conjugal roles

parts that are played by men and women in a partnership

who distinguished two types of conjugal roles

Bott

what is a segregated conjugal role

couples have separate roles

what is a joint conjugal role

couple shares tasks such as housework , childcare and spend leisure time together

what is the march of progress view

gradually improving overtime

what did young and wilmott complete a longitudal study on

conjugal roles in bethnal green

what did young and wilmott conclude from their conjugal role study

conjugal roles have become more symmetrical

what have young and willmott been criticised for

their choice of questions

what type of sociologists reject the march of project view on housework

feminists

who is a vocal critic of young and willmott

oakley

why is oakley critical of young and willmott

the questions they asked didn’t include the amount of time genders would spend on housework

what did oakley find in her own case study

15% of cases men had high level of participation in housework

what is the evaluation for Oakleys study

• personal views may have influenced

• low representativeness ( small sample ) (40)

• people may lie - lack validity aswell as demand characteristics

what did oakley conclude

segregated conjugal roles still common

Dex and ward studied the march of progress view for what?

childcare

what percentage of men were really involved in upbringing of their children according to dex and ward

78%

what percenatge of men took primary responsibility for caring for sick children according to dex and ward

1%

what did dex and wards study show

women still take main responsibility for the expressive role

what does the emergence of a “new man” mean

men sharing the expressive role

what does a “dual burden” mean

women taking on paid work and domestic labour

expressive and instrumental role

what view did gershuny take on paid work

march of progress

what did gershuny find

women who work full time do less domestic work than women who are full time housewives

what percentage of housework did wives who did not work do

83%

what percentage of housework did wives who work full time do

73%

What is the A03 for gershuny?

73% of housework is still a lot for a full time working woman which indicates women are taking on a dual burden

how many hours a week do men spend doing housework (2013)

8

how many hours a week do women spend doing housework (2013)

13

how many hours a week do men spend caring for family members

10

how many hours a week do women spend caring for family members

23

what did duncombe and marsden say women are also expected to carry out

the emotion work

what is the “triple shift”

women carrying out paid work , domestic work and emotion work

what did southerton say women also take responsibility for

coordinating family quality time like planning days out

who identified two different explanations for the unequal divison of labour

crompton and lyonette

what does the cultural/ideological explanation for unequal divison of labour suggest

determined by patriarchal norms and values

what is evidence for the cultural/ideological explanation for unequal division of labour

dunne found lesbian couples have more symmetrical relationships due to absence of gender scripts.

what does the material/economic explanation for unequal divison of labour suggest

women generally earn less than men meaning its economically rational for them to do more childcare

who explored how couples often organize the family income and budget

paul and vogler

what us an allowance system

where men give wives a budget to run the household

what is pooling

both partners have joint access to income

why is pooling becoming more popular

feels like an equal partnership

what did hardill find about decision making

important decisions were taken by the man alone and that the mans career took priority.

what did edgell find around decision making

• very important decisions taken by the man having the final say (finance)

• important decisions made jointly (childrens education)

• less important decisions made by the woman alone (childrens clothes)

what percentage of those suffering domestic violence is women

90%

how many domestic assaults are there each year

6.6 million

what did dobash and dobash find in their research on domestic violence

marriage legitimates violence by giving more power and authority to men

what did yearnshire say about women being reluctant to report DV

scared of repercussions

view police with suspicion

maintain stability for children

lack of alternatives like finance

what did cheal find about DV

police may be unwilling to record investigate or prosecute

what 3 assumptions do police make about the family

• private sphere

• perceived as positive

• individuals are free agents

what is social construction

created by society and changed according to time and place rather than occurring naturally

what are examples of changes according to time for childhood

historical differences

the modern cult

modern western notion

what are examples of changes according to place for childhood

cross cultural differences

globalization of western childhood

who carried out historical differences on childhood

aries

what did aries analyse

middle ages artwork

what did aries find about children in middle ages artwork

children didn’t have chilhood characteristics and were very similar to adults

what are weaknesses of aries studying paintings

time consuming, unrepresentative, based on one interpretation meaning lacks validity

what did aries also suggest

the modern cult of childhood

what is the modern cult of childhood

elements of childhood began to emerge

examples of modern cult of childhood

schools began to specialise in education for children

clothing became styles for children - colour/rainbows

child rearing

what is child rearing

availability of childrearing handbooks demonstrate growing child centeredness

what did pilcher say about separateness

childhood is seen as a clear and distinct life stage and occupy a separate status to adults

what is pilchers main idea called

the modern western notion of childhood

what are examples of how children are seen as separate to adults

laws

services

products

what does wagg argue about childhood being a seperate life stage

he says that it is not universal as its not found in all societies.

different cultures define the process of childhood differently

eg- alphol consumption in

US= 21 , Indonesia = no age

what is the globalisation of western childhood

modern western notion of childhood is being globalised through welfare agencies

do these welfare campaigns make a big impact?

not a high effect

160 million children are in child labour

what does benedict argue regarding cross cultural differences

children in non industrial societies are treated differently from their modern western counter parts

What does punch say about taking responsibility at an early age

rural bolivia, 5 year olds expected to take work responsibilities in the home

what is the evaluation of cross cultural differences

the studies are outdated and may not be relevant

what is the evaluation of the modern cult

when schools became a thing , working class children did not attend

what does postman argue

childhood is disappearing at a dazzling speed

what does postman say caused the disappearance of childhood

television culture and the decline in print media

what did printed media create

information hierarchy between kids and adults

who disagrees with postman

Jenks

what does Jenks argue

childhood isnt disappearing its just changing

who suggests toxic childhood

sue palmer

what does sue palmer argue has caused toxic childhood

rapid technological and cultural changed through social media

how many children in year 6 are obese

1 in 3

what approach does jenks take on childhood

postmodernity

what is jenks criticized for

over generalising by suggesting all children are in the same position

what does the postmodernity approach suggest about childhood

when divorce is more common , children become an important sense of identity

what do march of progress say about childhood

improving as they enjoy best possible experience of childhood, better education and health

child centered families

what do the conflict view say about childhood

experience inequality based on ethnicity , class and gender

control over childrens time (bedtime , when they eat)

control over childrens bodies ) washed , fed , picked up)

class inequalities between children a03

rise of social movements like feminism and social policies have helped improve equality among different groups of children

what is the new sociology of childhood

doesnt see children as adults in the making.

sees children as active agents who play a major role in creating their own childhood

who says the new sociology of childhood approach aims to include views and experiences of children themselves

Carol Smart