APUSH Unit 3: Period 3: 1754-1800

-French&Indian War/7yrs War -American Revolution >> Early US Gov structures -Articles of Confederation, Constitution, Hamilton's Fiscal Plan... -Washington Presidency, Adams Presidency -Precursors to War of 1812

French and Indian War/Seven Years’ War (1754-1763)

Conflict between the French & British over the ownership of the Ohio River Valley; English settlers moved into the Ohio River Valley bc the Ohio Company was given a land grant, but the French stopped them & refused to recognize the land claims

• French were allied with the Native Americans

• British Prime Minister = William Pitt at the time » raised huge sums of money to finance the military & send more naval forces out

Peace of Paris (1763)

Ended the 7 Years’ War; reshaped balance of power in the Americas » Britain

Provisions:

• France gave Canada to Britain

• in return, Britain gave back the land the took during the war (Guadeloupe & Martinique)

• Spain cede Florida to Britain » Britain give back Cuba & Philippines

• Spain acquired French Louisiana colony

France NA empire end.

Acadians

local French residents in Nova Scotia during 7 years’ War

• British rounded up 5k of them & took their land, expelling them from region

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

Named by Ottawa war leader, was brought up by the effects of the Peace of Paris that led to the natives of the Ohio River Valley & Great Lakes to revolt against British rule; rallied a group of tribes in Ohio Valley & attacked colonial outposts

• lands were ceded to Britain without their consent

• British expansion = threat to their autonomy & liberty

• » forced to become reliant on the British

• influenced by teachings of Neolin

Neolin

Delaware religious prophet whose teachings supported & inspired Pontiac’s Rebellion in 1763 against the British; believed that people must reject European tech, free from commercial ties with whites & alcohol, clothe them with garb of ancestors, and drive British out from their territory.

• advocate of the Pan-Indian identity = sense of collective identity rather than individual tribes

Proclamation of 1763

Prohibited further colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains in which those lands were exclusively reserved for the natives; slave of native lands banned to private individuals, but colonial gov could

• policy was ignored

• ended up further aggravating settler-native relations

Salutary Neglect

British government let the colonies govern themselves

Loyal Nine

group of merchants & craftsmen who had taken the lend in opposing the Stamp Act

Stamp Act Congress

group of colonial delegates who met in NYC in 1765 t propose resolutions to several colonial disagreements

“Virtual Representation”

popular & widely accepted theory among Britons which held that in Parliament, each member represented the entire empire, not just his own district; the interests of all who lived under British crown were taken into account

• used as counterargument against “taxation without representation”

Writs of assistance

general “search warrants” that allowed customs officials to search anywhere they felt like in order to find smuggled goods

Sugar Act (1764)

Act introduced by Prime Minister George Grenville in 1764, which counteracted taxes placed on molasses imported to NA from French West indies

• seen by colonists as excuse to continue to tax them (even if the tax was decreased)

Currency Act (1764)

banned the use of paper money; enforced the gold standard

Committees of Correspondence

group of colonial leaders in Boston that communicated with other colonies to encourage opposition to the Sugar and Currency Act; used to discuss resistance against Britain’s unjust policies

inspired opposition against Stamp Act later on

Stamp Act (1765)

Direct, broad-based tax that required that colonists pay for a stamp from the government on various forms of papers (documents, letters, licenses, etc)

• affected virtually everyone, mainly lawyers

Sons of Liberty

organizations formed by Samuel Adams, John Hancock, & other radicals in response to the Stamp Act

• “Liberty, Property, and No Stamps”

The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved (1765)

Pamphlet written by James Otis, laying out the colonists’ arguments against the taxes, illustrating the “taxation without representation” argument

Declaratory Act (1766)

Parliament REPEALED the Stamp Act, but then implemented this act, stating that Parliament possessed the power to pass laws & levy taxes for the colonies, not the elected representatives in the colonies

• asserting that Parliament had power over the colonies, so NOT equal = contradict “virtual representation”

Townsend Acts (1767)

drafted by Charles Townsend that taxed goods imported directly from Britain (paint, paper, lead, tea, etc)

Regulators

group of wealthy residents of South Carolina back country who protested the under-representation of western settlements in colony’s assembly & legislator’s failure to establish local govs that could regularize land titles & suppress bands of outlaws

Daughters of Liberty

women who spun & wove at home instead of purchasing British goods; “homespun virtue” as part of the Non-importation movement

Boston Massacre (1770)

clash between British soldiers & a Boston mob in which 5 (unarmed) colonists were killed

• riots followed after unlawful seizure of John Hancock’s ship Liberty for smuggling

Crispus Attucks

sailor of mixed Native-African-white ancestry, who was allegedly the first who fell in the Boston Massacre; “first martyr of the American Revolution”

Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania

series of essays written by John Dickinson that united the colonists against the Townsend Acts

Boston Tea Party (1773)

group of colonists disguised as natives threw 300+ chests of tea into the water in response to the British East India Company’s series of rebates & tax exemptions (Lord North from British gov) that enabled it to dump low-price tea to the American market, which undercut established merchants & smugglers

• British East India Company lost a lot of $$

Coercive/Intolerable Acts

Series of Acts passed as a result of the Boston Tea Party; purpose was to punish the colony of Massachusetts for its disobedience

1. Boston Harbor Act of 1774

2. Massachusetts Government Act of 1774

   1. replaced elective local gov with an appointive one & increased power of military governor

3. Quartering Act of 1765

Quebec Act of 1774

extended the southern boundary of Quebec to Ohio River & granted legal toleration of Roman Catholic church in Canada

→ westward expansion

» colonists did not like this

Suffolk Resolves

series of resolution approved by the convention of delegates from Massachusetts’ towns that urged Americans to refuse obedience to New laws, withhold taxes, and prepare for war

Committees of Safety

authorized by the Continental Congress to oversee its mandates and take action against the “enemies of American liberty”

Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation of 1775

issued by British governor in Virginia, Lord Dunmore, offered freedom to any slave who escaped to his lines & bore arms for the king

Olive Branch Petition (1775)

sent to King George III, reaffirming American loyalty to the crown in hopes to have “permanent reconciliation”

Common Sense (1776)

Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in which he criticized Britain’s Principles of hereditary rule monarchy, claiming that they were being rules by a tyrannical government

• appealed to a wide demographic of people = easier to understand

• propelled support for the American revolution

Declaration of Independence (1776)

written by Thomas Jefferson, a document that made the break with Britain official; drafted by the 2nd Continental Congress, listing the grievances against King George

• Preamble drew from Lockean ideas

“American Exceptionalism”

belief that US has special mission to serve as refuge from tyranny, a symbol of freedom, and model for the rest of the world

The American Crisis (1776-1783)

series of essays by Thomas Paine about the issues of independence; trying to uplift Americans during the harsh years of the Revolutionary War

• Washington read his soldiers this essay as team morale was low

Shot Heard ‘Round the World

Reference to the Battle of Lexington and Concord by which British dispatched troops to confiscate weapons in Concord, but they were confronted with a small colonial militia (minutemen)

• honorable mention to Paul Revere & his little horsie

Valley Forge

site of military camp of Washington’s colonial army during frigid, harsh winter of 1777-1778

Benedict Arnold

betrayed the Americans = Loyalist spy

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point in war → American victory showed France that they can win war

• France aid America

Treaty of Paris 1783

American and British negotiations in which American independence was recognized

Battle of Yorktown 1783

last battle of the Revolutionary War; General Cornwallis surrendered

One-house legislature

Unicameral vacuum of political leadership emerged a pro-independence grouping in Pennsylvania

Thoughts on Government (1776)

Published by John Adams that insisted that new constitutions should create a “balanced government” whose structure reflects the division of society between upper (wealthy) & lower (ordinary) houses

“Balanced Government”

2-house legislature that reflect division of society between wealthy (upper House) & ordinary men (lower House)

Suffrage

right to vote

“Wall of Separation”

free politics and exercise of intellect from religious control w/ members of evangelical sects who sought to protect religion from corrupting embrace of gov.

Bill For Establishing Religious Freedom (1779)

Written by Thomas Jefferson; introduced in House of Burgesses to encourage public discussion over religious requirements for voting & office holding

Free labor

working for wages or owning a farm or shop

Inflation

when the government prints too much money and the money loses its value, which causes a sharp increase in prices

Loyalists

Those who retained their allegiance to the crown

Stockbridge Indians

Native American tribe in Massachusetts who fought on side patriots

General John Sullivan

dispatched by Washington to lead an expedition against hostile/Loyalist Iroquois with aim of “total destruction & devastation of their settlements & the capture of as many prisoners of every age & sex as possible”

Abolition

movement of getting rid of slavery

Freedom Petition

argument for liberty presented to New England courts & legislatures in early 1770s by enslaved African Americans

Lemeul Haynes

black member of Massachusetts militia that urged Americans to “extend” their concept of freedom

Free Blacks

grew to have a sizeable population because of abolition sentiments in the North, voluntary emancipation in upper south & escape thousands of slaves from bondage

“Citizens of color”

first generation of free blacks who formed part of political nation

Republican Motherhood

ideology that emerged as result of independence, saying that women played an indispensable role in training future citizens

“Suitable education”

education for women that allowed them to have knowledge to import political wisdom to their children, according to Benjamin Rush

Land Ordinances of 1784

established stages of self government for the west; rejected the clause that prohibited slavery

→divided into districts governed by Congress

Land Ordinance of 1785

regulated land sales of region north of Ohio River; Old Northwest Land would be surveyed by government & sold in sections of 640 acres ($1/acre)

Articles of Confederation

US First Constitution /form of government→weak government

• but was successful in Establishing national control of land west of 13 states & devising rules for western settlement

• West = potential way to pay off war debt

Powers of the Articles of Confederation

1. conduct foreign affairs

2. make treaties

3. declare war

4. could coin money

Issues with the Articles

COULDN’T:

1. collect taxes (states)

• massive debt from war (7 Years’ War & American Rev)

• main source of revenue was tariffs BUT Congress COULDNT IMPOSE TARIFFS

• Most of what the articles DID NOT have the power to do was left up to the states

• international trade failing

Structure of Articles of Confederation

• one-house body of delegates » each state got single vote

• no president

• no judiciary

• any decision required 9/13 congressional votes (2/3)

• could be amended if ALL states consented (rarely happened_

**Land Ordinance of 1787 (most important land Ordinance)

1. created 5 New states between Ohio & Mississippi Rivers

2. acknowledged Native American claim to land →if want to avoid violence

3. outlawed slavery in all 5 of New states

Shays’ Rebellion

rebellion of crowds of debt-ridden farmers led by Daniel Shays who closed the courts in western Massachusetts to prevent seizure of their land for failure to pay their taxes

• persuaded Constitutional Convention that the national government needed to be stronger (GET RID OF THEM ARTICLES!!)

International Commerce

economic activity and trade with other nations

• delegates in Maryland want to find ways to better regulate interstate & international commerce (NOT STATE REGULATED)

• → amend articles

Checks & Balances

“Separation of powers” (federalism) refers to way Constitution seeks to prevent any branch of the national government from dominating the other two

• state authority lessened, fed gov authority increased

Separation of Powers

political principle of checks & balances, which refers to way Constitution seeks to prevent any branch of fed government from dominating the other two

“High Crimes And Misdemeanors”

allegations of misconduct, including abuse of authority & failure to supervise

» example of separation of powers » prevent tyranny » President can be impeached

3/5 Clause

each slave count as 3/5 of a person; 3/5 slave population would be counted in determining each state’s Representation in House of Representation & electoral votes for presidents

» want equal rep for each state

The Federalist (1788)

book composed of 85 essays from Hamilton, Madison, and Clay that supported the ratification of the Constitution

→ express how Constitution protects citizens’ rights & that gov = expression of freedom

Anti-Federalists

against the ratification of Constitution; typically supported by common-people

James Winthrop (Anti-Federalist)

Writer and Anti-Federalist who wrote the Letters of Agrippa (1787-1788), stating that if there is a stronger national government, a large section of the US would be like an empire

• no empire could be governed under Republican principles (democracy, liberty, consent of the governed, etc)

Bill of Rights

first 10 Amendments to the Constitution; “declaration of citizens’ rights”

• Madison agree to enact bc Anti-Federalists claim Constitution was too vague

  • required 9 states to ratify it

Civil Nationalism

envisions nation as a community open to all those devoted to its political institutions & social values

Ethnic Nationalism

defines nation as a community of descent based on shared ethnic heritage, lang, & culture

Miami Confederacy

tribe in the Ohio Valley led by Little turtle who inflicted a humiliating defeat on American forced led by Arthur St. Clair, American governor of Northwest territory

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

battle between Northwest natives & Anthony Wane, which severed the British-Indian alliance » no place in American empire

Treaty of Greenville (1795)

Ended the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794); 12 native tribes ceded most of Ohio & Indiana to federal government

“Annuity System”

yearly grants of federal money to native tribes that institutionalized continuity government influence in tribal affair & gave outsiders considerable control over native life

» Washington policy = tell natives that in order to become full-fledged members of republic they had to switch to small-scale farming (rather than hunting & gathering)

• gave them tools & other goods to try & civilize them

Gradual Emancipation

acts that assumed that former slaves would remain in country, not be colonized abroad

“Open Immigration”

policy initiated from the Naturalization Act of 1790 that Europeans (free white persons) could openly emigrate to US

→ ostracized other groups

Letters From an American Farmer (1782)

book published in France by Hector St. John Crevecouer that popularized the idea that the US was a melting pot of different cultures

» Constitution then empowered Congress to create a uniform system by which immigrants became citizens

Naturalization Act of 1790

offered the first legislative definition of American nationality in which only “free white persons” could become fully-fledged American citizens

Notes on the State of Virginia (1785)

book written by Thomas Jefferson that claimed blacks lacked (partly due to natural incapacity and bc he claimed that slavery classified them as disloyal to nation); emphasized the idea that blacks were innately inferior to whites

Bank of the United States

part 3 of Hamilton’s program that called for the creation of a national bank to serve as nation’s main financial agent

• = private corp, rather than branch of government

• financial stability

Hamilton’s financial program

1. Bank (establish national bank)

2. Excise whiskey tax

3. Funding new emerging industries

4. Assume all state debts (+create a new national debt)

5. Tariffs

Report on Manufactures (1791)

report delivered to Congress in which Hamilton called for the imposition of tariffs and government subsidies to encourage factory development that could manufacture products currently purchased from abroad

• showed how Hamilton’s plan only benefited American financiers, manufacturers, & merchants

  • Madison & Jefferson oppose

Genet Affair

Edmond Genet, a French envoy seeking to promote support damaged gov in France, and he began commissioning American ships to attack British vessels under the French Flag

» French Revolution + this…

• Hamilton & Washington = pro-British who saw French Rev as exhibitions of ANARCHY, not liberty

• Jefferson = Pro-FRENCH as he supported their war for self-government

Quasi War (1798-1800)

undeclared naval war between French & US over impressment

Impressment

practice (French & British) of seizing American ships trading in the French West Indies & kidnapping sailors to serve in [British] navy

• British rivalry w France

Jay’s Treaty (with England) (1794)

agreement that contained that no British concession on impresment or rights of American shipping; Britain agreed to abandon outposts on western frontier & US guarantee favoritism to British imported goods

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Pennsylvania backcountry farmers sought to block collection of new tax on distilled spirits (whiskey » brought about by Hamilton’s fiscal plan)

• Washington dispatch 13k militiamen to w. Pennsylvania & went with them

  • =first time in that president actually commanded army in the field

  • wanted to make impression that American self-gov WILL SURVIVE!

A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)

pamphlet published by Mary Wollstonecraft that asserted that the “rights of humanity” should also apply to women; inspired by Thomas Paine’s The Rights of Man

Judith Sargent Murray

one of era’s most accomplished American women; wrote essays under alias “The Gleaner”

• essay “On the Equality of Sexes” (1790) that insisted that women had as much of a right as men to exercise their talents & should be allowed equal educational opportunities to able to do so

XYZ Affair (1797)

French foreign minister, Tallyrand’s, 3 anonymous agents who demanded payments to stop French plundering of American ships; American refusal to pay led to undeclared “quasi-war” with the French

Alien act of 1798

allowed for the deportation of people from abroad that were deemed as “dangerous” by the federal government

Sedition Act of 1798

authorized the prosecution of virtually any public assembly or publication that criticized the government