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Name the molecule.
Oxaloacetate
Name the molecule.
Acetyl-CoA
Name the molecule.
Citrate
Name the molecule.
Isocitrate
Name the molecule.
α-Ketoglutarate
Identify the reaction and name the enzyme used.
Step three
Oxidative-decarboxylation reaction
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Identify the reaction and name the enzyme used.
Step four
Oxidative-decarboxylation reaction
α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Name the molecule.
α-Ketoglutarate
Name the molecule.
Succinyl-CoA
Name the molecule.
Succinate
Identify the reaction and name the enzyme used. What makes this reaction unique?
Step five
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Succinate CoA synthetase
Generates ATP/GTP (only reaction to do so in TCA Cycle)
Name the molecule.
Fumarate
What makes this reaction unique?
Occurs in inner mitochondrial membrane
Generates ubiquinol (Q)
Name the molecule.
Fumarate
Name the molecule.
Malate
Identify the reaction.
Step eight
Regeneration of oxaloacetate from malate
Malate dehydrogenase
Name the three control points of glycolysis.
Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Pyruvate kinase
What enzyme catalyzes step one?
Hexokinase
What enzyme catalyzes step two?
Phosphoglucose isomerase
What enzyme catalyzes step three?
Phosphofructokinase
What enzyme catalyzes step four?
Aldolase
What enzyme catalyzes step five?
Triose phosphate isomerase
What enzyme catalyzes step six?
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) dehydrogenase
What enzyme catalyzes step seven?
Phosphoglycerate kinase
What enzyme catalyzes step eight?
Phosphoglycerate mutase
Name the molecule.
Glucose
Name the molecule.
Glucose-6-phosphate
Name the molecule.
Fructose-6-phosphate
Name the molecule.
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Name the molecule.
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Name the molecule.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Name the molecule.
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
Name the molecule.
3-Phosphoglycerate
Name the molecule.
2-Phosphoglycerate
Name the molecule.
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Name the molecule.
Pyruvate
Number the step.
Step one
Number the step.
Step two
Number the step.
Step three
Number the step.
Step four
Number the step.
Step five
Number the step.
Step six
Number the step.
Step seven
Number the step.
Step eight
Number the step.
Step nine
Number the step.
Step ten
Name the molecule.
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
What type of reaction is shown?
Tautomerization hydrolysis
What type of reaction is shown?
Dehydration
What type of reaction is shown?
Isomerization
What type of reaction is shown?
Substrate-level phosphorylation
What type of reaction is shown?
Oxidation phosphorylation
What type of reaction is shown?
Isomerization
What type of reaction is shown?
Cleavage
What type of reaction is shown?
Phosphorylation
What type of reaction is shown?
Isomerization
What type of reaction is shown?
Phosphorylation
Which steps of glycolysis involve ADP/ATP?
Hexokinase (step one); phosphorylation reaction
Phosphofructokinase (step three); phosphorylation reaction
Phosphoglycerate kinase (step seven); substrate-level phosphorylation reaction
Pyruvate kinase (step ten); tautomerization hydrolysis reaction
Which step of glycolysis involves NAD⁺/NADH?
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) dehydrogenase (step six); oxidation phosphorylation reaction
In an α-glycosidic bond, the bond points ___________.
downwards
Why can’t cellulose be digested by humans?
1→4 β glycosidic bonds
What bonds make up glycogen?
Main chain: 1→4 α-linkages
Branches: 1→6 α-linkages
What is the difference between amylopectin and glycogen?
Glycogen has more branches (and is able to release more energy when bonds are broken)
Define a reducing sugar.
A sugar with an open anomeric carbon on one end /no glycosidic bond (a free reducing end)
What are glycoproteins?
Proteins on the cell surface modified with carbohydrate units
Define catabolism.
Bonds are being broken down (energy is released)
Oxidative process
Define anabolism.
Bonds are being formed (requires energy)
Reductive process
What process frees glucose units from glycogen?
Phosphorolysis
Define oxidation.
The loss of electrons (e⁻ donator)
Define reduction.
The gain of electrons (e⁻ receiver)
What is the goal of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?
To make 5-carbon Ribose sugar for DNA and RNA
To make NADPH (for generating fatty acids)
Define gluconeogenesis.
The formation of glucose from pyruvate.
Where does gluconeogenesis occur?
The liver
Which steps are unique to gluconeogenesis (not simply the reversal of glycolysis)?
Glucose-6-phosphatase (hydrolysis)
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (hydrolysis)
Pyruvate → oxaloacetate → phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
Coupled reactions - high energy barrier
What happens to pyruvate during exercise?
Pyruvate is converted to lactate (temporarily)
NAD⁺ is regenerated
What happens to pyruvate in yeast?
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm/cytosol
Where does the Citric Acid Cycle occur?
Mitochondrial matrix
What are the goals of the Citric Acid Cycle?
Produce NADH and FADH₂
Produce GTP
Generate metabolic intermediates (precursors for lipids, sugars, amino acids, nucleic acids)
How many ATP are generated from one glucose?
32 ATP
What ratio of ATP/NADH inhibit the Citric Acid Cycle?
High ATP/ADP ratio
High NADH/NAD⁺ ratio
What ratio of ATP/NADH activate the Citric Acid Cycle?
Low ATP/ADP ratio
Low NADH/NAD⁺ ratio
What are the products of one turn of the Citric Acid Cycle?
3NADH
1 GTP
1 FADH₂
What are anaplerotic reactions?
Reactions replenishing intermediates from lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
Which amino acids can enter the Citric Acid Cycle to form pyruvate?
Threonine
Alanine
Serine
Cysteine
Glycine
Which amino acids can enter the Citric Acid Cycle to form Acetyl-CoA?
Isoleucine
Leucine
Tyrosine
Lysine
Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?
Amylopectin is branched, while amylose is linear
How are glucose units removed from glycogen?
From the non-reducing end
Via phosphorolysis
What enzymes break down glycogen?
Glycogen phosphorylase
Debranching enzyme
What enzyme synthesizes glycogen?
Glycogen synthase
Branching enzyme
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
Where is glycogen mainly found?
Skeletal muscles
Liver
Define oxidizing agent.
Define reducing agent.
Note
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