Kinesiology Exam 2

The order of the foot bones from heel to toe, going right to left:

• calcaneus

• talus

• cuboid

• navicular

• lateral cuneiform

• intermediate cuneiform

• medial cuneiform

• metatarsals

• proximal, middle, distal phalanges

How many bones in the foot

26

What is enlarged in the ankle and protrudes horizontally and inferiorly

distal malleoli of tibia and fibula

The ______ serve as a pulley for posterior tendons to increase mechanical advantage of muscles performing inversion and eversion actions

distal malleoli of tibia and fibula

The ______ is enlarged and prominent to serve as insertion for peroneus brevis and terius

base of the 5th metatarsal

What type of joint is the tibiofibular joint

syndesmotic and amphiarthrodial

The tibiofibular joint has ligaments and a strong ______ _______ between the tibia and fibula shafts that provide support

interosseus membrane

Syndesmosis joint sprain

• high ankle sprain

• involves anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligament and interosseus membrane

A sprain is damage to _______

ligaments

Movement on the top of the ankle and food, towards anterior tibia is

dorsiflexion

Muscles that produce dorsiflexion are located _____

on the anterior surface of joint/leg

Movement of ankle and foot away from tibia

plantarflexion

What plane/axis are dorsi and plantarflexion in

sagittal plane, frontal axis

What joint does dorsi and plantarflexion happen at

talo-cural joint

Eversion is ____

turning the ankle and foot outward, abduction, away from midline. weight is on medial edge of foot

Inversion is ______

turning ankle and foot inward, adduction, toward midline. weight is on lateral edge of food

What plane and axis is inversion and eversion

frontal plane, sagittal axis

Movement of toes toward plantar surface of foot is _______

toe flexion

Movement of toes away from plantar surface of foot

toe extension

Toe flexion and extension is in what plane and axis?

sagittal plane, frontal axis

A combination of ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion and forefoot abduction is _____

pronation

If someone is pronating their foot, do they have a high arch or a flat foot

flat foot

Supination of the foot

combination of ankle plantarflexion, subtalar inversion and forefoot adduction

If someone is supinating their foot, will they have a high arch or a flat foot

high arch

when stepping, where in the step is the foot in pronation

when you first press down on the ground, pronation absorbs force

When stepping, where in the step is the foot in supination

when force is needed to push off the ground

Talus, distal tibia and distal fibula are what kind of joint

hinge or ginglymus type

The talocural joint has ___ degrees of plantar flexion

50

The talocural joint has ____ degrees of dorsiflexion

15-20

Why can the talocural joint perform more plantar flexion than dorsiflexion

the shape of the talus

Why is there a greater range of dorsiflexion when the knee is flexed

the knee being bent reduces the gastrocnemius tension

The syndesmosis joint widens by 1 to 2 milimeters during

full dorsiflexion

Why is a high ankle sprain hard to heal

because when walking, we keep damaging the tib-fib joint ligament

subtalar and transverse tarsal joints are what type of joint

gliding or arthrodial

inversion and eversion of the ankle occur at what joint

subtalar and transverse tarsal

____ degrees of inversion

20-30

_____ degrees of eversion

5 to 15

the joint between tarsal bones are called

intertarsal joints

the joint between tarsals and metatarsals

tarsometatarsal joints

the intetarsal and tarsometatarsal joints are

arthrodial, with minimal movement

Metatarsophalangeal joints are where

phalanges join metatarsals

how many degrees of flexion does the great toe metatarsophalangeal joint have

45 degrees

how many degrees of extension does the metatarsalphalangeal joint have

70 degrees

why do you need more extension in the great toe metatarsophalangeal joint

because it would throw of walking, running etc.

MP joints of the 4 lesser toes have ___ degrees of flexion and extension

40

ankle sprain is the ________

stretching or tearing of one or more ligaments

The more common type of ankle sprain is excessive

inversion, which causes damage to the lateral ligamentous structures

Inversion ankle sprain injures what ligaments

anterior talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligament

The less common type of ankle sprain

eversion

an eversion ankle sprain injures what ligament

deltoid ligament

why are eversion ankle sprains less common

we only have 5-10 degrees of ankle eversion and our ankle is not often in max eversion

What in the foot and ankle helps to maintain arches

ligaments

what serves as the keystone for the medial longitudinal arch

navicular

what are the 2 longitudinal arches in the foot

medial and lateral

The transverse arch extends across the foot from the ______ to the _______

1st metatarsal to the 5th metatarsal

plantar fascia extends from the ______ to the ______

medial calcaneal tuberosity to the proximal phalanges of the toes

fancy name for plantar fascia

plantar aponeurosis

stabilizer of the medial longitudinal arch

plantar fascia

dynamic stabilizers are _____

muscles

plantar fascia does what in standing

propels the body forward during latter part of the stance phase

Plantar fasciitis is

inflammation of the plantar fascia

What are the 2 branches of the sciatic nerve

tibial and common peroneal (fibular)

the tibial division of the sciatic nerve serves what muscles

• gastrocnemius (medial head)

• soleus

• tibialis posterior

• flexor digitorum longus

• flexor hallucis longus

the medial and lateral plantar nerves serve ____

intrinsic foot muscles

the medial plantar nerve serves

• abductor hallucis

• flexor hallucis brevis

• first lumbricale

• flexor digitorum brevis

the lateral plantar nerve serves

• adductor hallucis

• quadratus plantae

• lumbricales

• dorsal interossei

• plantar interossei

• abductor digiti minimi

• flexor digiti minimi

what are the 2 branches of the common peroneal nerve

superficial peroneal nerve and deep peroneal nerve

the superficial peroneal nerve serves

• peroneus longus

• peroneus brevis

the deep peroneal nerve serves

• tibialis anterior

• extensor digitorum longus

• extensor hallucis longus

• peroneus tertius

• extensor digitorum brevis

the anterior muscles of the lower leg produce

dorsiflexion

the posterior muscles of the lower leg produce

plantarflexion

the lateral muscles of the lower leg produce

eversion

the medial muscles of the lower leg produce

inversion

how many compartments are there in the lower leg

4

whaat binds and surrounds each compartment of the leg

dense fascia

the compartments of the lower leg serve what purposes

• facilitates venous return

• prevents exessive swelling of muscles during exercise

the anterior compartment consists of what muscles

• tibialis anterior

• extensor digitorum longus

• extensor hallucis longus

• peroneus tertius

What artery and nerve serve the anterior compartment

• anterior tibial artery

• deep peroneal nerve

the muscles in the anterior compartment of the lower leg produce

dorsiflexion

what muscles are in the lateral compartment of the leg

• peroneus longus and brevis

what artery and nerve are in the lateral compartment

• peroneal artery

• superficial branch peroneal nerve

the muscles in the lateral compartment produce

eversion

the superficial posterior compartment is composed of what muscles

• gastrocnemius

• soleus

• plantaris

the muscles in the superficial posterior compartment produce

plantarflexion

what muscles are in the deep posterior compartment

• tibialis posterior

• flexor digitorum longus

• flexor hallucis longus

• posterior tibial artery

• popliteus

what nerve serves the deep posterior compartment

tibial nerve

muscles in the deep posterior compartment produce

plantar flexors and inverters (except popliteus)

what muscles are ankle dorsiflexion agonists

• tibialis anterior

• extensor digitorum longus

• peroneus tertius

  • extensor hallucis longus

What muscles are ankle plantarflexion agonists

• gastrocnemius

• soleus

  • flexor digitorum longus

  • flexor hallucis longus

  • peroneus (fibularis) longus)

  • peroneus (fibularis) brevis

  • plantaris

  • tibialis posterior

what muscles are subtalar inverion agonists

• tibialis anterior

• tibialis posterior

  • flexor digitorum, longus

  • flexor hallucis longus

what muscles are subtalar eversion agonists

• peroneus longus

• peroneus brevis

• peroneus tertius

• extensor digitorum longus

what muscles are toe flexion agonists

• flexor hallucis longus

• flexor digitorum longus

what muscles are toe extension agonists

• extensor hallucis longus

• extensor digitorum longus

What muscles run behind the medial malleolus

• posterior tibialis

• flexor digitorum longus

• flexor hallucis longus

(TOM DICK and HARRY)

what muscles run behind the lateral malleolus

• peroneus longus and brevis

If I sprain my lateral ankle ligaments, which muscles would I want to strengthen

ankle everters

If I have pain with ankle dorsiflexion and inversion, what muscle might I have strained (think what muscle does those actions)

tibialis anterior

Which muscle provides dynamic stability to the medial longitudinal arch

posterior tibialis

what do femoral condyles articulate on

enlarged tibial condyles

the tibia is media and bears ______ weight

most