Language development final

Social construtivism

Jean Piaget, Lev Vyotsky, schemas and the zone of proximal development

Behaviorsim

stimulus-response reinforcement, B.F skinner

Nativism

universal grammar, language acquisition device, Noam Chomsky

Behaviorsim umbrella

• knowledge consists of behavioral responses or changes to environmental stimuli

• motivation for learning is extrinsic to the individual, involves reinforcement of desired behavior

• learning occurs through passive absorption of knowledge by the learner through repetition and reinforcement

Social constructivism umbrella

• knowledge systems are actively constructed by learners based on the preexisting cognitive structures and through social interaction with a knowledge community.

• Active adaptation of schemas based on previous experience/cognitive structures and through collaborative adaption of schema through social interaction

• Motivation for learning is mostly intrinsic to the individual- learners are motivated by a need for equilibrium(.i.e. for things to make sense) as well as by emotional and relational needs.

Theory of mind

the recognition of mental states in oneself and in others

Decontextualized language

language that is understandable without contextual support

Decentration

the process of moving from one-dimensional descriptions of entities and events

Symbolic ability

allowing one thing to represent another

Guided participation

the mutual engagement and mutual structuring of socio-cultural activities

Social referencing

when individuals seek information about how to interpret ambiguous situations from the expression of others

Responsive assistance

being poised to help assist a child in that leaves the pace and direction of efforts up to them.

Apprenticeship

learning by "osmosis”

Event narrative

stories a person constructs from memory about an experienced event.

Life narratives

stories that account of past autobiographical memories

Self regulation

the independent use of emotional regulatory capacities and skills to remain organized

Executive function

higher cortical function dependent on a cluster of cognitive skills that include the ability to set goals

Individualistic cultural aspects of reminiscing

to facilitate autonomy and independence in their children, Western parents often use memory conversations to encourage children to express themselves

Collective cultural aspects of reminiscing

to facilitate interrelatedness and a sense of belonging in their children, East Asian parents tend to use memory conversations to assimilate the child into the larger collective, solve interpersonal conflicts and promote social harmony,

Literate language style

the style used in written communication and is typically more complex and less related to physical context.

Place the following play examples in an appropriate developmental sequences

Earliest/simple

• child pretends to eat with a real bowl and spoon

• child pretends to feed their doll with a real bowl and spoon

• a child plays restaurant and pretend to take his mom's order, serve it, and then take it away and clean the dishes. 

• child plays fire fighter and pretends to hose down a fire with water using only the gesture of his hands and his words

Last/complex

Basic

• mutual structuring of participation

• mutual bridging of meaning

Distinctive

• Academic Lessons in the Family

• respect for silence and restraint

• Adults as peers in play

• intentent participation

Rogoff's concept of guided participation is essentially the same as Vygotsky's ZPD

false

Symbolic/Pretend play is a childhood universal activity and essential to practicing advanced language forms

false

Expository

• If you are having trouble catching fish, there are several things you may want to consider before your next fishing trip. you may want to think consider if you are using the appropriate bait for the type of fish you want. You may also want to explore other fishing spots around you. These two things can really make all the difference

• Fishing is a wonderful past-time. It is an activity the whole family can do. Not much equipment is needed. A basic rod and some fishing line will do most of the time.

Narrative

“One day, I went to the lake in hopes of catching many fish. I had my tackle box and fishing rod all ready. I cast my first line and waited what seemed like forever. Finally, there was a tug on my line. As I excitedly reeled it in, I saw a rusty can emerge from the water. Uck!”

Hight point analysis was developed to describe fictional retellings

False

Oral style

• here-and-now contextualized

• Concrete vocab

• Conversational

• More-basic syntax

• informal

Literate style

• More-complex syntax

• Carefully planned & revised (content and form)

• There and then; de-contextualized

• Abstract concepts & vocab

Grapheme

the actual graphic forms or elements of the writing system

Grapheme-phoneme correspondence

rules that define the relationship between a letter or group of letters and the sound they represent

Alphabetic principle

The basic principle that underlies our orthographic system

Phonological awareness

one of the basic skills that underlies literacy

Phonemic awareness

a subset of phonological awareness that allows children to hear, identify, and manipulate phonemes

Phonics

teaching correspondence between letters and the sounds they represent.

Miscue

a reader's variation from print

High quality miscue

miscues that do not change the meaning of the text

Low quality miscue

miscues that do change the meaning of the text

Silent period

3-6 months of langugage loss

Interlanguage

second language development that extends from the time when they learner starts to use language productively

Cross linguistic transfer

process in which a communicative behavior from the first language is carried over into the second language.

Fossilization

a process that occurs when second language "errors"

Language loss

a process that occurs over time when the speech and language features of the first language are no longer utilized by the speaker

Code switching

involves changing languages over phrases or sentences and is a normal phenomenon engaged in by many fluent bilingual speakers.

Translanguaging

the act performed by bilinguals of accessing different linguistic features or various modes