HBS Final Study guide

You feel something touch your arm, think it might be a fly, and you extend your arm to scare it away. In which order is the information about the touch processed?

Sensory input, integration, and motor output

What type of neurons is responsible for the interpretation of sensory input?

Interneurons

In which of the following locations would we expect to find the release of neurotransmitter molecules?

In chemical synapse

A nerve is a collection of _____.

Axons

The activity of the sodium-potassium pump results in the movement of which ions across the plasma membrane?

It pumps sodium

Which of these ions is more abundant in the interior of a resting neuron than in the fluid surrounding the neuron?

K+

Which of the following describes the ion channels of a resting neuron?

The channels are open or closed depending on their type, and are specific as to which ion can transverse them

The concentrations of sodium and potassium ions are very different inside and outside a neuron. What contributes to these differences?

Sodium-potassium pumps

Which Roman numeral in the graph indicates the point when the membrane potential is closets to the equilibrium for potassium?

IV

Which Roman in the graph indicates the point when the membrane’s permeability to sodium ions is greatest?

II

Which Roman numeral in the graph indicates the minimum graded depolarization needed to operate the voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels?

I

Which Roman numeral in the graph indicates the falling phase of the action potential?

III

Which Roman numeral in graph indicates when the neuronal membrane is at its resting potential?

V

For a neuron which an initial membrane potential at -70 mV, what would be the result of an increase in the movement of potassium ions out of that neuron’s cytoplasm?

Hyperpolarization of the neuron

Which of the following will induce a graded hyperpolarization of a membrane under normal resting conditions?

Increasing its permeability

Action potentials move along axons _____.

More rapidly in myelinated than in unmyelinated axons

Pyrethroid insecticides prevent the voltage-gated sodium channels of insects from inactivating. Neurons that were exposed to pyrethroids would ________.

Not repolarize during an action potential

Which of the following describes the cause of the undershoot phase of hyperpolarization?

The sustained opening of voltage-gated potassium channels

Which of the following would produce the fastest possible conduction velocity of action potentials?

Thick, myelinated axons

Which of the following statements about action potentials is correct?

Action potentials propagate towards the synaptic terminal of an axon

A neurophysiologist is investigating reflexes in two different animals: a crab and a fish. Action potentials are found to pass more rapidly along the fish’s neurons. What is a likely explanation?

The fish’s axon are myelinated. The crab’s axons are not myelinated.

What is more likely to promote an action potentials?

Depolarization

What membrane potential must generally be met un order to achieve threshold?

-55 mV

Where are neurotransmitter receptors located?

The postsynaptic membrane

Place steps of the action potential in the correct order.

4,2,5,1,3

You feel something touch your arm, think it might be a fly, and you extend your arm to scare it away. In which order is the information about the touch processed?

Sensory input, integration, and motor output

What type of neurons is responsible for the interpretation of sensory input?

Interneurons

Which of these ions is more abundant in the interior of a resting neuron than in the fluid surrounding the neuron?

Na+

The concentrations of sodium and potassium ions are very different inside and outside a neuron. What contributes to these difference?

Sodium-potassium pumps

Action potentials move along axons ____.

More rapidly in myelinated than in unmyelinated axons

Which of the following describes the cause of the undershoot phase of hyperpolarization?

The sustained opening of voltage-gated potassium channels

A neurophysiologist is investigating reflexes in two different animals: a crab and a fish. Action potentials are found to pass more rapidly along the fish’s neurons. What is a likely explanation:?

The fish axons are myelinated. The crab’s axons are not myelinated.

Where are neurotransmitter released in a synapse?

The presynaptic membrane via vesicles

Which part of the brain controls breathing, swallowing, vomiting, and digestion?

Medulla Oblongata

Which Roman numeral indicates a brain region that controls hand-eye coordination?

V

Which parts of the brain regulate the “fight or flight “ response?

I and IV

In which part of the brain are movement and balance coordinated?

Cerebellum

In which part of the brain is body temperature regulated?

Hypothalamus

If a person suffered a serious blow to the head that resulted in damage to the outer layer of brain region B, what might be the expected outcome?

The person’s perception, voluntary movement, and/or learning would be impaired

Which of the following brain structures includes the motor cortex?

Cerebrum

Which of the following shows a brain lobe correctly paired with one of its primary functions?

Frontal lobe-decision making

What sense is mostly likely to be impaired by an injury to the temporal lobe?

Sight

Dendrite- receives messages from other neurons and allow the transmission of messages to the cell body

1

Soma- cell body, contains nucleus

2

Axon Terminal- convents electrical signals to transmit , messages to other cells

4

Examine the figure. If blood glucose levels decline, ________.

The pancreas release more glucagon, which causes glucose to be released into the blood

What is special about the target cells that allows them to respond to the hormone? Only the target cells ______.

Have specific receptors to the hormone

As this boxer is finishing his fight , which of these hormone NOT likely to be elevated?

insulin

Hormones are usually transported through ______ and affect only cells with ______.

Blood vessels; specific receptors

Which structure is part of the brain?

Hypothalamus

Which choice INCORRECTLY pairs an endocrine gland or hormone with an aspect of metabolism that it regulates?

Adrenalin- blood calcium levels

Steroid hormones ______.

Usually diffuse through the plasma membrane into target cells

When a cell responds to a particular steroid hormone it would be expected to have _________.

A receptor inside the cell that binds the hormone

Hormones regulate ___________.

Growth, reproduction, and metabolism are all regulated by hormones

The relationship of insulin to glucagon can be described as ________.

They are antagonistic hormones

Which of the following hormones causes a rises after a meal is digested?

They are antagonistic hormones

What happens when the concentration of glucose in the blood rises after a meal is digested ?

An increased amount of insulin is released

Which of the following hormones causes a rises in the concentration of glucose in the blood?

Glucagon

Which disorder can sometimes be managed with diet and exercise?

Type 2 diabetes

Which gland is located nearest the kidneys?

Adrenal glands

Which molecule in this figure portraying water-soluble hormone action is the receptor protein?

Molecules B

If body cells have too few receptors for insulin, _________.

The blood glucose level may rise to abnormal levels

Which step in this figure portraying lipid-soluble hormone action shows transcription in response to the bound hormone-receptor complex?

Step 4

Hormones are chemicals produced by the endocrine system that

Regulate a variety of body functions, such as metabolism

Which of the following options correctly pairs an endocrine gland or hormone with an aspect of metabolism that it regulates?

Insulin= regulates blood glucose levels

Examine the figure. The process shown is an example of ______.

Information flow from the pancreas to the liver

In humans, oxygen is delivered from the environment to the cells of the body by __________.

Closed circulatory system

Blood pressure that is consistently _______ or higher would indicate that you have hypertension.

140/90

Which of these animals has a double circulatory system?

Dog

Which of these carry(ies) oxygen -poor behind?

Pulmonary arteries

A heart murmurs occurs when there is a defect in __________.

A heart valve

If your blood pressure were 120/70, it would mean that ______.

Your blood pressure during systole is 120 and your blood pressure during diastole arterial

Why is blood pressure higher during systole than during diastole ?

The contraction of the heart during systole increases the blood pressure against arterial walls

The buildup of plaque in the walls of arteries results in ______.

Atherosclerosis

What is the pathway an oxygen molecule would take through the human circulatory system?

Alveoli- pulmonary capillaries - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - systemic arteries -systemic capillaries- systemic tissues

The cardiovascular system of a mouse works like that of a human. A mouse is moved from sea level (low altitude) to the top of a mountain (high altitude). How could this mouse’s cardiovascular system maintain a similar rate of oxygen delivery to its tissues now that the mouse is at the top of the mountain?

Increase the depth of ventilation

Blood pressure is lowest in _________.

Venues

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?

Systole of the left ventricle

The one-way flow of blood in veins is maintained by ________.

Valves

Examine the structure of blood vessels in the figure. Which vessel has the structure best suited to chemical exchange between the blood and tissue?

Capillary

The following figure illustrates _________.

The pulmonary circuit