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Leaving Cert
What Are The Two Main Feeding Types?
Autotrophs And Heterotrophs.
How Do Autotrophs Get Their Food?
Autotrophs make their own food from simple inorganic materials in their environment.
What Are The 2 Types Of Autotrophs?
Photosynthetic and chemosynthetic
How Do Photosynthetic Organisms Make Their Food?
They make their food using light, energy, carbon dioxide and water.
What Is The Formula For How Photosynthetic Organisms Make Their Food?
6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
How Do Chemosynthetic Organisms Make Their Food?
They make their own food using chemicals other than CO2 and water.
What Are The 5 Types Of Heterotrophs?
Carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, detritus feeders and decomposers
What Is An Example Of A Detritus Feeder?
Crabs
What Is An Example Of A Decimposer?
Fungi
What Is Biochemistry?
It’s the study of chemical elements.
What Are Macronutrients?
Macronutrients are nutrients needed in large amounts for organisms.
How Much Of Macronutrients Do Organisms Need?
Kg for large and g for small organisms.
What Are The Six Common Macronutrients?
Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S).
What Are Micronutrients?
Micronutrients are nutrients needed in smaller quantities for organisms.
How Much Of Micronutrients Do Organisms Need?
G for larger organisms and fractions of a g for smaller organisms.
What Are The Common Micronutrients?
Sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), chlorine (Cl), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca).
What Are Trace Elements?
Trace elements are those needed in very small quantities.
How Much Of Trace Elements Do Organisms Need?
Mg for large and micrograms for small organisms.
What Are The Common Trace Elements?
Iron (Fe), copper (Co) and Zinc (Zn).
What Are Biomolecules?
They are molecules derived only from living organisms.
What Biomolecules Do You Need To Know?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals.
What Do Carbohydrates Consist Of?
Carbs consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
What Is The Hydrogen To Oxygen Ratio In Carbs?
2:1.
What Is Carbs General Formula?
Cx(H2O)y.
What Are The X And Y Values In Glucose?
C6H12O6.
What Are The X And Y Values In Sucrose?
C12H22O11.
What Carbs Are Composed Of Hexagonal Rings Of Six Carbons?
Glucose, maltose and starch.
What Carbs Are Composed Of Five Carbons?
Deoxybrise and ribose (found in DNA and RNA)
How Are Carbohydrates Split Into Groups?
They are split into 3 groups depending on the number of sugar units in each molecule.
What 3 Groups Are Carbs Split Into?
Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
What Are Monosaccharides Made Up Of?
They are made up of single sugar units.
How Do Monosaccharides Differ From Each Other?
They differ by arrangement of hydrogen and oxygen atoms within the molecule.
What Is An Example Of A Monosaccharide?
Glucose.
What Are Disaccharides Made Up Of?
They are made up of two sugar units joined together.
What Is An Example Of A Disaccharide?
Sucrose.
What Are Polysaccharides Made Of?
They are made up of multiple sugar units.
What Does Digestion Of Polysaccharides And Disaccharides Produce.
It produces monosaccharides.
What Is An Example Of A Polysaccharide?
Starch in plants, glycogen in animals.
What Foods Do We Source Carbs From?
We get them from potatoes, bread and rice.
What Are The Main Functions Of Carbohydrates?
Sources of quickly available energy, sources of dietary fibre and storing excess sugar.
What Is A Source Of This Quickly Availing Energy?
Glucose in energy drinks.
What’s The Equation For Aerobic Respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O.
What Is Dietary Fibre?
It is the indigestible portion of food mainly derived from plants.
What Are The Main Components Of Dietary Fibre?
Soluble and insoluble fibre.
What Is Soluble Fibre?
Soluble fibre is fibre which dissolved in water.
What Are Sources Of Soluble Fibre?
Oats and most fruit.
What Is Insoluble Fibre?
It’s fibre that doesn’t dissolve in water and provides bulk.
What Does Insoluble Fibre Do?
It absorbs water as it moves through the digestive system, preventing constipation.
What Are Sources Of Insoluble Fibre?
Vegetables and bran.
How Do Organisms Store Excess Sugars?
They store it in storage polysaccharides.
How Do Animals Store Excess Sugar?
By converting glucose into glycogen and storing it in the liver and muscles.
How Do Plants Store Excess Sugars?
By converting glucose to starch and storing in the roots and leaves.
What Are Storage Polysaccharides Used For?
They’re used to build tissue eg. cellulose in plant cell walls and chitin in insect exoskeletons.
What Are Lipids?
Lipids come in the form of fats and oils.
What Are Lipids Composed Of?
They’re composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O).
In What Form Are Fats At Room Temperature?
solid.
Are Fats Saturated?
Yes.
What Does Being Saturated Mean?
All the carbon to carbon bonds are singular.
What Are Saturated Fats Found In?
They’re found in animal produce?
What Form Are Oils At Room Temperature?
Liquid.
Are Oils Unsaturated?
Yes.
What Does Being Unsaturated Mean?
It means they contain one or many carbon to carbon double bonds.
Where Are Oils Found?
Plants.
How Are Lipids Composed?
Each unit is called a triglyceride and consists of 3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol molecule.
Are Lipids A Good Source Of Energy?
They’re a concentrated source of energy and have more energy than carbohydrates.
How Do animals Store Excess Energy?
They deposit the fat in cells surround organs and under the skin (subcutaneous fat).
What Is The Main Structural Role Of Fats?
They form the membranes of cells and cell organelles.
How Are Phospholipids Different From Lipids?
They are different as one of the fatty acids has been replaced by a phosphate group.
What Are Phospholipids Soluble In?
The phosphate end is soluble in water while the fatty acid end is soluble in lipids.
How Do Lipids Protect Organs?
They protect them by forming a barrier like bubble wrap around them.
What Is Subcutaneous Fat?
It is a layer of fat under the skin that insulates the body.
What Are Proteins Composed Of?
They are composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O) and nitrogen.
How Many Types Of Amino Acids Are There?
20 but they combine in many different ways to create different proteins.
What Is A Chain Of Less Than 20 Amino Acids Called?
Polypeptide.
What Do We Call A Chain Of Over 20 Amino Acids?
A Protein.
What Groups Of Amino Acids Are There?
Essential and nonessential.
Can Organisms Synthesise Essential Amino Acids?
No, therefore they must be sourced from the diet.
Can Organisms Synthesise Nonessential Amino Acids?
Yes, therefore not required in the diet.
What’s A Peptide Bond?
A peptide bond is the bond between two amino acids.
What Gives Proteins Their Unique Shapes?
The different directions that each peptide bond folds in.
What Are Protein Sources?
Meat, egg white and fish.
What 2 Groups Are Proteins Divided Into Based On Their Functions?
Structural and physiological.
What Are The Functions Of Structural Proteins?
They build tissues, collagen is a connective tissue as it’s strong and elastic and keratin makes hair.
What Are The Functions Of Physiological Proteins?
They control the working of organisms.
What Categories Are Physiological Proteins Split Into?
Enzymes and hormones.
What Are Enzymes?
Enzymes Are Biological Catalysts.
What Are Hormones?
Hormones are produced by endocrine glands, from there they diffuse into the blood where they affect the activity of glands and structures.
What Are Vitamins?
Vitamins are substances required only in tiny quantities (milligrams)
What are vitamins necessary for?
Functioning of cells, tissue growth, cell production and maintaining health.
What vitamins are fat soluble?
A,D,E and K
What vitamins are water soluble?
B and C.
Summary Of Vitamin A?
Sourced from carrots/meats. Forms visual pigment and a lack causes night blindness. Fat soluble.
Summary of vitamin B?
Sources from whole grains. Helps with energy production and a lack leads to Beriberi. Water soluble.
Summary of vitamin C?
Sourced from citrus fruits. Helps form skin and lack leads to scurvy. Water soluble.
Summary of vitamin D?
Sourced from dairy products. Helps with calcium absorption and lack leads to rickets. Fat soluble.
Summary of vitamin E?
Sourced from oils/nuts. Acts as antioxidant and lack leads to haemolytic anaemia. Fat soluble.
Summary Of Vitamin K?
Sourced from green veg. Helps synthesise clotting protein and lack leads to easy bruising. Fat soluble.
What is a RDI?
Recommend daily intake.
What Are Minerals?
They’re elements usually absorbed in the form of ions in dissolved salts.
What minerals do plants need?
Calcium, magnesium and nitrogen.
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