Chapter 2: Chemical Principles (made by Natalie)

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Made by Natalie Cartee!

101 Terms

1

Atomic mass

Number of protons and neutrons

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2

Isotopes

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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3

Atomic number

number of protons

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4

Hydrogen's mass?

1

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5

Carbon atomic # and mass?

6 & 12

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6

Nitrogen atomic # and mass?

7 & 14

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7

Oxygen atomic # and mass?

8 & 16

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8

Valence electrons

electrons in the outermost shell

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9

Chemical bonds

the attractive forces that hold atoms together

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10

A compound

A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

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11

Cations

lose electrons and have a positive charge

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12

Anions

gain electrons and have a negative charge

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13

Ionic bonds

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

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14

Covalent bonds

Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.

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15

Molecular mass

The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule

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16

Water properties

inorganic, polar molecule, a solvent, hydrogen bonds absorb heat

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17

Hydrogen bonds

Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to an O or N

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18

Chemical reactions

the making and breaking of chemical bonds

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19

Chemical energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds

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20

endergonic

absorb energy

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21

exergonic

release energy

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22

Anabolism

synthesis of molecules in a cell

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23

Catabolism

decomposition reactions in cell

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24

Most organisms grow between what pH?

6.5-8.5

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25

Acids

compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water (H+)

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26

Bases

substances that dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions (-OH)

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27

Salts

substances that dissociate into cations and anions

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28

inorganic compounds

Compounds that do not contain carbon; small and simple

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29

organic compounds

Compounds that contain carbon attached to a H, N, O

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30

Carbon skeleton

the chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule

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31

Functional groups

chemical groups attached to carbon skeletons that give compounds their functionality

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32

Macromolecules

polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules called monomers

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33

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

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34

Carbohydrates

cell structure and cellular energy, include sugar and starches, consist of C, H, O

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35

Many carbohydrates are what?

Isomers

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36

What are isomers?

Molecules with the same chemical formula, different structure.

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37

Monosaccharides

simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbons

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38

What are 2 examples of monosaccharides?

glucose and deoxyribose

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39

Disaccharides

formed when two monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis

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40

Disaccharides can be broken down by what?

Hydrolysis

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41

Polysaccharides

consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis

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42

Examples of polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, dextran, and cellulose

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43

Simple lipids

Fats or triglycerides, contain glycerol and fatty acids

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44

How are simple lipids formed?

Dehydration synthesis

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45

Saturated fat

NO double bonds in a fatty acid

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46

Unsaturated fat

one or more double in a fatty acid

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47

cis

H atoms on the same side of a double bond

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48

trans

H atoms on opposite sides of a double bond

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49

Complex lipids

Contain C, H, and O + P, N, or S

Membranes are made of phospholipids

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50

What does a phospholipid contain?

Glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group

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51

TRUE OR FALSE: Phospholipids have nonpolar and polar areas.

TRUE

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52

Steroids

four carbon rings with an -OH group attached to one ring

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53

Proteins

Made of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S, essential in cell structure and function

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54

Enzymes

speed up chemical reactions

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55

Transporter proteins

move chemicals across membranes

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56

What do flagella & pilli do?

aid in movement

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57

Amino Acids

subunits in proteins

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58

What is an alpha carbon attached to?

carboxyl group (-COOH), amino group (-NH2), side group

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59

What are the 2 stereoisomers of an amino acid called?

L and D

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60

What form is mostly found in nature?

L

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61

How many amino acids are there?

20 amino acids

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62

Glycine

Gly, G

<p>Gly, G</p>
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63

Alanine

Ala, A

<p>Ala, A</p>
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Valine

Val, V

<p>Val, V</p>
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Leucine

Leu, L

<p>Leu, L</p>
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Isoleucine

Ile, I

<p>Ile, I</p>
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Serine

Ser, S

<p>Ser, S</p>
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Threonine

Thr, T

<p>Thr, T</p>
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Cysteine

Cys, C

<p>Cys, C</p>
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Methionine

Met, M

<p>Met, M</p>
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71

Glutamic acid

Glu, E

<p>Glu, E</p>
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72

Asparatic Acid

Asp, D

<p>Asp, D</p>
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73

Lysine

Lys, K

<p>Lys, K</p>
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74

Arginine

Arg, R

<p>Arg, R</p>
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Asparagine

Asn, N

<p>Asn, N</p>
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Glutamine

Gln, Q

<p>Gln, Q</p>
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Phenylalanine

Phe, F

<p>Phe, F</p>
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Tyrosine

Tyr, Y

<p>Tyr, Y</p>
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79

Histidine

His, H

<p>His, H</p>
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80

Tryptophan

Trp, W

<p>Trp, W</p>
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81

Proline

Pro, P

<p>Pro, P</p>
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82

Peptide bond

covalent bonds between amino acids, formed by dehydration synthesis

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83

Primary structure of protein

polypeptide chain

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84

secondary structure of protein

a-helix and B-sheets

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85

tertiary structure

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

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86

Denaturation

A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and function; can be caused by changes in pH or high temperature.

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87

Nucleic acids contain what?

nucleotides

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88

nucleotides are made of what?

5 C sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

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89

nucleosides are made of what?

pentose & nitrogen base

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90

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

deoxyribose, double helixes, contains Adenine, Thymine, Cysteine, Guanine

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91

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

ribose, single helix, Adenine, Uracil, Cysteine, Guanine

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92

What is ATP made of?

adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups

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93

ATP

Stores the chemical energy released by some chemical reactions, formed by ATPase complex

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94

ether

R-O-R

<p>R-O-R</p>
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95

ester

RCOOR

<p>RCOOR</p>
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96

ketone

R-C=O-R

<p>R-C=O-R</p>
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97

aldehyde

CHO

<p>CHO</p>
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98

carboxylic acid

COOH

<p>COOH</p>
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99

amide

NH2

<p>NH2</p>
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amine

NH2

<p>NH2</p>
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