Chapter 2: Chemical Principles (made by Natalie)

Made by Natalie Cartee!

Atomic mass

Number of protons and neutrons

Isotopes

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Atomic number

number of protons

Hydrogen's mass?

1

Carbon atomic # and mass?

6 & 12

Nitrogen atomic # and mass?

7 & 14

Oxygen atomic # and mass?

8 & 16

Valence electrons

electrons in the outermost shell

Chemical bonds

the attractive forces that hold atoms together

A compound

A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

Cations

lose electrons and have a positive charge

Anions

gain electrons and have a negative charge

Ionic bonds

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Covalent bonds

Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.

Molecular mass

The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule

Water properties

inorganic, polar molecule, a solvent, hydrogen bonds absorb heat

Hydrogen bonds

Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to an O or N

Chemical reactions

the making and breaking of chemical bonds

Chemical energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds

endergonic

absorb energy

exergonic

release energy

Anabolism

synthesis of molecules in a cell

Catabolism

decomposition reactions in cell

Most organisms grow between what pH?

6.5-8.5

Acids

compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water (H+)

Bases

substances that dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions (-OH)

Salts

substances that dissociate into cations and anions

inorganic compounds

Compounds that do not contain carbon; small and simple

organic compounds

Compounds that contain carbon attached to a H, N, O

Carbon skeleton

the chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule

Functional groups

chemical groups attached to carbon skeletons that give compounds their functionality

Macromolecules

polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules called monomers

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Carbohydrates

cell structure and cellular energy, include sugar and starches, consist of C, H, O

Many carbohydrates are what?

Isomers

What are isomers?

Molecules with the same chemical formula, different structure.

Monosaccharides

simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbons

What are 2 examples of monosaccharides?

glucose and deoxyribose

Disaccharides

formed when two monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis

Disaccharides can be broken down by what?

Hydrolysis

Polysaccharides

consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis

Examples of polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, dextran, and cellulose

Simple lipids

Fats or triglycerides, contain glycerol and fatty acids

How are simple lipids formed?

Dehydration synthesis

Saturated fat

NO double bonds in a fatty acid

Unsaturated fat

one or more double in a fatty acid

cis

H atoms on the same side of a double bond

trans

H atoms on opposite sides of a double bond

Complex lipids

Contain C, H, and O + P, N, or S

Membranes are made of phospholipids

What does a phospholipid contain?

Glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group

TRUE OR FALSE: Phospholipids have nonpolar and polar areas.

TRUE

Steroids

four carbon rings with an -OH group attached to one ring

Proteins

Made of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S, essential in cell structure and function

Enzymes

speed up chemical reactions

Transporter proteins

move chemicals across membranes

What do flagella & pilli do?

aid in movement

Amino Acids

subunits in proteins

What is an alpha carbon attached to?

carboxyl group (-COOH), amino group (-NH2), side group

What are the 2 stereoisomers of an amino acid called?

L and D

What form is mostly found in nature?

L

How many amino acids are there?

20 amino acids

Glycine

Gly, G

Alanine

Ala, A

Valine

Val, V

Leucine

Leu, L

Isoleucine

Ile, I

Serine

Ser, S

Threonine

Thr, T

Cysteine

Cys, C

Methionine

Met, M

Glutamic acid

Glu, E

Asparatic Acid

Asp, D

Lysine

Lys, K

Arginine

Arg, R

Asparagine

Asn, N

Glutamine

Gln, Q

Phenylalanine

Phe, F

Tyrosine

Tyr, Y

Histidine

His, H

Tryptophan

Trp, W

Proline

Pro, P

Peptide bond

covalent bonds between amino acids, formed by dehydration synthesis

Primary structure of protein

polypeptide chain

secondary structure of protein

a-helix and B-sheets

tertiary structure

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

Denaturation

A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and function; can be caused by changes in pH or high temperature.

Nucleic acids contain what?

nucleotides

nucleotides are made of what?

5 C sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

nucleosides are made of what?

pentose & nitrogen base

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

deoxyribose, double helixes, contains Adenine, Thymine, Cysteine, Guanine

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

ribose, single helix, Adenine, Uracil, Cysteine, Guanine

What is ATP made of?

adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups

ATP

Stores the chemical energy released by some chemical reactions, formed by ATPase complex

ether

R-O-R

ester

RCOOR

ketone

R-C=O-R

aldehyde

CHO

carboxylic acid

COOH

amide

NH2

amine

NH2