normality

Normality (N)

A measure of concentration equivalent to the number of gram equivalents of solute per liter of solution.

Equivalents

The amount of a substance that reacts with or is equivalent to one mole of hydrogen ions (H+) or electrons in a reaction.

Equivalent weight

The mass of a substance that will react with or supply one mole of H+ ions or electrons.

Molar mass

The mass of one mole of a substance, measured in grams per mole.

Transferable ions (z)

The number of H+ or OH- ions exchanged in acid-base reactions, or the charge carriers in redox and precipitation reactions.

Gram equivalent weight equation (Eq 2.15)

Number of gram equivalents of solute = mass of solute / equivalent weight.

Normality calculation formula (Eq 2.18)

Normality (N) = mass of solute x z molar mass x volume of solution in liters.

Dilution formula

M1V1 = M2V2, where M is molarity and V is volume, used to prepare dilute solutions.

Net ionic equation

An equation showing only the particles that participate in a reaction, eliminating spectator ions.

Mole fraction

The ratio of the number of moles of a component to the total number of moles of all components in a mixture.

Stoichiometry

The calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions based on the conservation of mass.

Dilute solution

A solution that has a relatively low concentration of solute.

Concentrated solution

A solution that contains a large amount of solute compared to the amount of solvent.

Maximum number of equivalents

In reactions, it shows the maximum amount of substance that reacts or produces another substance.

Mass-to-mole conversion

Calculating the number of moles from the mass of substance using molar mass.

Mass-to-volume conversion

Calculating the volume of a solution from the mass of solute using molarity.

What is condensation?

Condensation is the process by which water vapor in the air cools and changes into liquid water.

What is precipitation?

Precipitation is any form of water, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, that falls from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface.

What role does the sun play in the water cycle?

The sun provides energy that drives the evaporation of water from the Earth's surface.

What is collection in the water cycle?

Collection refers to the gathering of water in bodies of water like rivers, lakes, and oceans after precipitation.

What is evaporation?

Evaporation is the process by which liquid water is converted into water vapor or gas.