IB HOTA Civil Rights

13th Amendment

Outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude unless a punishment for a law

14th amendment

Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the US EXCEPT Native Americans

15th amendment

Guaranteed the right to vote could not be denied based on race, color, or previous servitude

poll tax

A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote

literacy test

A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote

grandfather clause

law allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

Plessy v. Ferguson 1896

"separate but equal" doctrine supreme court upheld the constitutionally of jim crow laws while overriding the 14th and 15 amendments

Brown v. Board of Education 1954

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

W.E.B. DuBois

Opposed Booker T. Washington. Wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth". Founder of the Niagara Movement which led to the creation of the NAACP.

Niagara Movement

A group of black and white reformers who organized the NAACP in 1909

Booker T. Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

• Fights for civil rights mostly using the courtroom.

• Usually voted for politicians who listened to their concerns and built strong numbers in the democratic party.

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Black Panthers

A black political organization founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seales that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest. On May 1967, Panthers surrounded the CA state capial and entered the building. Their achievements included: setting up health clinics and advice with legal rights as well as the 1st free breakfast program serving 1700 meals weekly to the youth of the ghettos. Also exposed police brutality, citing the 2nd amendment to the constitution that gave blacks the right to bear arms. However, the party failed because they were not persuasive or effective for change. They also scared America and capitlaism with their ideas of socialism

Stokely Carmichael

Coined the phrase "black power" and led SNCC away from a nonviolent approach, eventually joining the Black Panthers.

Harry Truman

Integrates the US Armed Forces through the use of an executive order to ban segregation in armed forces.

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Sit-Ins (1960)

Greensboro, NC - 4 students defy segregation, sit at segregated lunch counters in department store, then more show up, 4th day 300 show up; they are arrested and beat; continues until they allow it..it spread to other cities (FSU and famu even took part here)

Freedom Rides

Form of protest where people would refused to segregate on interstate buses in southern states to bring awareness to the fact that southern states were not abiding by Morgan v. Virginia (1946) .

Birmingham Campaign (1963)

students marches to speak to the mayor about segregation; were arrested and attacked by firehoses and dogs

Letter from Birmingham Jail

A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation. He was disappointed more Christians didn't speak out against racism.

I Have a Dream (1963)

This speech by Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington focused on civil rights.

Little Rock Nine 1957

In September 1957 the school board in Little rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. The governor ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school. The next day as the National Guard troops surrounded the school, an angry white mob joined the troops to protest the integration plan and to intimidate the AA students trying to register. The mob violence pushed Eisenhower's patience to the breaking point. He immediately ordered the US Army to send troops to Little Rock to protect and escort them for the full school year.

Freedom Summer 1964

• 1964 effort to register African American voters in Mississippi.

• Racist groups in Mississippi attacked the volunteers

• Opened up 30-40 freedom schools,

• Improved the education blacks received from segregated schools

• Had a huge effect on the civil rights movement

Selma March "Bloody Sunday"

March 7, 1965, was used to show the real hatred of the deep south. Heavily armed state troopers and other authorities attacked the marchers as they tried to cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge to bring awareness to voting. Helped push the voting rights act of 1965

Malcolm X

Black Muslim who argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views after visiting the Mecca. He establishes the OAAU, but was assassinated in 1965.

Impact: Made black nationalism appealing to black youth, resonated with urban blacks and showed the nation the deterioration of the inner cities, inspired a new generation of black leaders and the black power movement

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Ended discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; but it did not address the issue of voting

Voting Rights Act of 1965

banned literacy test, grandfather clause, and poll taxes to vote in the south

Tripled

The number of African American voters _____________ in the South due to the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Affirmative Action

A policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special attention to minorities that have had a history of discrimination.

Reverse Discrimination

problem with using quota's in order to obtain 'affirmative action'

Cesar Chavez

Organized Union Farm Workers (UFW); help migratory farm workers gain better pay & working conditions

grapes

Cesar Chaves and the UFW led a boycott of ______ in order for land owners formally acknowledge their union.

Bilingual Education Act

Directed school districts to set up classes for immigrants in their own language while they were learning English

Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

gives Native Americans citizenship and the right to vote in federal elections in 1924

American Indian Movement (AIM)

a civil rights group organized to promote the interests of Native Americans VIOLENTLY

Roe v. Wade 1973

Legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

Equal Pay Act 1963

1963 law that required both men and women to receive equal pay for equal work

Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

leading figures in the women's rights movement

Title IX

A law that bans gender discrimination in schools that receive federal funds

Equal Rights Amendment

constitutional amendment never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

Phyllis Schlafly

Anti-feminist who led the campaign to defeat the ERA claiming it would undermine the american family

Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique

denounced the "housewife trap" which caused educated women to hold even themselves inferior to men

Stonewall Riots

- New York city - Triggered activist protests among gays and lesbians - police raided gay bar - people fought back - became symbol of oppression of gays, began the gay pride movement

Civil Rights Act of 1968

legislation that ended discrimination in housing.

Kerner Commission

created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States

Black Codes/Jim Crow Laws

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Slavery

Sharecropping ended up being another form of __________________.

Supreme Court

Thurgood Marshall was the first African American appointed to this.

Southern Manifesto

signed by southern Congressmen vowing to not abide by the ruling of Brown v. Board of Education. An example of massive resistance to the ruling.

Stonewall Riots

Considered the beginning of the LGBTQ+ movement.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

• Founded in 1942

• Used sit-ins to protest segregation and discrimination

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

• Founded by Marcus Garvey

• Favored self defense and first mass black movement

• ½ a million members by 1925

Emmett Till 1955

• 14 year old from Chicago traveled to Mississippi to visit family

• Reportedly spoke to a white shopkeeper inappropriately

• Her husband and ½ brother took him and beat him and shot him

• Throw his bod in the Mississippi river

• The two men were found not guilty of the crime by an all white jury

• Sparked Rosa Parks to start the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Civil Rights Act 1957

• Aimed to ensure all citizens could exercise the right to vote

• Passed but very weak; did almost nothing to help the voting of blacks

• Did establish the Civil Rights Division of Justice Department

Civil Rights Division of Justice Department

Used to prosecute violations of civil rights and set up a civil rights commission to monitor race relations.

Morgan v. Virginia (1946) & Boynton v. Virginia (1960)

Enforced that buses cannot be segrated

Freedom Rides 1961

• CORE and SNCC traveled in the south to challenge segregation on interstate transport.

• Attacked by southern whites while police did nothing

• Rides publicized racism and lawlessness in the south

Albany Movement 1961-62

• SNCC organized students from Albany State College to do sit-ins at the local bus stations

• Hundreds arrested, white businesses boycotted

• City refused to desegregate

• MLK led a march to convince leaders to desegregate

• After he left, segregation continued

March on Washington 1963

• Advocated for jobs and freedom

• This was to encourage the passage of the civil rights bill under the Kennedy administration

• King makes the “I have a dream” speech, resonating with audiences

16th street Baptist Church

Sept 15, 1963, 4 young black girls in the basement of a church are murdered by a bomb.

Freedom Summer murders

• 1964 SNCC workers were murdered

• Tried to register blacks to vote in rural Mississippi

• James Chaney, Michael Schwerner, and Andrew Goodman

• Three killed by KKK

• Their murders sparked national outrage and helped lead to the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964

Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965

Provided federal funding to poorest states like Mississippi

Higher Education Act 1965

Gave huge amount of aid to poor black colleges

Fair Housing Act 1968

Prohibits discrimination of rentals, sales or financing of homes based on color, religion nation origin, and sex

Watts 1965

On August 11,1965, was a riot that came about from growing frustrations unemployment, inaccessible healthcare facilities and inadequate public services in the city of Los Angeles.

Chicago 1966

• 700k blacks were mostly poor and unemployed

• Blacks schools overcrowded

• Lacked education advantage

• King asked to stay out of northern cities

• Whites feared blacks moving into their neighborhoods as the property values would go down and cultural homogeneity destroyed

• Black marchers are greeted by rocks and bottles

Meredith March 1966

• Univ of Mississippi integrated the 1st AA student

• James Meredith walks 220 miles from Memphis to Jackson, Mississippi to attend the university

• Stokely Carmichael was arrested and called for every Mississippi courthouse to be burned, calling on Black Power

• Meredith with 15,000 marchers called for Black Power

Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU)

Aimed to unite all people of African decent and looked to promote political, social, and economic independence for blacks

National Urban League (UNL)

A programme to help economic self help in ghettos 1968. Got $28 million

Freedom Campaign

1967 CORE established these in the ghettos to provide to advance education, employment, health, and housing

Equal Pay Act

Introduced in 1963, it outlawed paying men more than women in the same job.

National Organization for Women (NOW)

• Responded to many issues facing women

• Educational oppotunities for women

• Denounced the exclusion of women from certain professions and political postitions.

“Our Bodies Ourselves”

Published in 1973, contains information regarding women’s health and sexuality. It was to emphasize the idea of women having control over their own bodies.

Freedom Trash Can

1968 100 women objected to a swimsuit parade at Miss America pageant. They threw bras, girdles, wigs, curlers into a trashcan.

“Don’t iron while the strike is hot”

A term encouraging women to go protest as demonstrations were at its peak.

National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL)

1971 Pro-Choice group, advocates access to abortion for all groups.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

• Passed by congress in 1972

• Protected against discrimination based on gender

• Had to be passed by 38 states

• Oppositon to the bill was the Silent Majority

• Was defeated by 1 state in 1982

Silent Majority

Ultra-conservative group looking to keep the traditional view of society and family.

Free Speech Movement (FSM)

• Founded by Mario Savio

• “You cannot trust anyone over 30”

• Universities acted as in Loco Parentis (parents on campus)

Colombia University Gym

• Building of a new gym in Harlem 1968

• “Society is sick and you and your capitalism are the sickness

• Students ransacked the president’s office and held 3 officials hostage for 24 hours

• Columbia went on protests, students and faculty

• University shut down a semester and closed the gym plan

Chicago 7 Trial

• Abbie Hoffman and 7 others originally charged

• Charges include conspiracy, crossing state lines to incite riots, anti-war and counterculture protest during 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago

• Hoffman and 4 others found guilty of crossing state lines to incite a riot

• Verdicts later overturned

Yippes

• Founded by Abbie Hoffman in 1967

• Radical revolutionaries from the FSM and anti-war groups of Berekely and Columbia

Counterculture and Hippies

• Mostly white youth from middle and upper class

• Independent and utopian living

• Close to nature and full of love

• Massive drug use of marijuana and LSD

• “Tune on, tune in, drop out”

• Rejected materialism, embraced spirituality and broad set of beliefs

• 1967 Ronald Reagan summed up the protest of the youth as “sex, drugs, and treason”

• Enjoyed premarital and extramarital sex

• Opposed the war in Vietnam

• Impact: mainstream America adopted some of their ideals like fashion and art

Kent State University

• May 4 1970 student protestors were shot by guardsmen who fired 67 rounds over a period of 13 seconds

• Killed 4 students and wounding nine others

• Student demonstrators were protesting the Cambodian Campaign while others were regular students attending their classes.

Hart-Celler Act 1965

Abolished quotas, opening doors to immigrants. The new law created a preference system that focused on immigrants’ skills and family relations with citizens or US residents.

Indian Civil RIghts Act of 1968 (ICRA)

• Indigenous people were guaranteed many civil rights.

• Right to free speech, press, and assembly.

• Protection from unreasonable invasion of homes

Great Society

Jan 1965, a program whose goal was the total elimination of poverty and racial injustice. Major federal programs that addressed civil rights, education, medical care, urban problems, rural poverty, and transportation were launched during this period.

Morgan v. Virginia 1946

1946, the Supreme Court ruled that the Virginia law requiring racial segregation on commercial interstate buses was considered unconstitutional.

Boynton v. Virginia 1960

1960, the Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation on interstate buses and bus waiting rooms was prohibited and violated the Interstate Commerce Act.