asian worlds western imperalism

Qing Dynasty

last dynasty ruled by Manchus; was weakened a lot; important for international trade; caused a trade imbalance bc it had a ton of silver

Manchu

Northeast Asian people who defeated the Ming Dynasty and established the Qing Dynasty

Emperor Qianlong

Qing emperor; approached by Macartney about liberalizing the trade restrictions; turned down the offer claiming that Europe had nothing to offer China

Canton System

a system to control foreign trade which confined all foreign trading to the port of Canton, operated the monopoly for foreign trade

Cohong

Chinese merchant guild that traded with Europeans during the Qing dynasty

Macartney Mission

an unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire; asked to offset the trade imbalance, better trade position (more ports), an island near china, and an embassy in China

Qianlong's Mandate

emperor Qianlong's response to the Macartney Mission, rejected the Macartney Mission in a mean way

1st Opium War

Lin Zexu blockaded the foreign settlement in Canton, trapping and threatening Europeans; Britain got angry; led to the Treaty of Nanking

Lin Zexu

tasked with overseeing the abolishment of opium trade, tried talking with the queen

Treaty of Nanking

ended 1st Opium War; opened 4 ports up for trade & residents, forced international diplomacy, fixed tariffs on trade, indemnity payment, British and Chinese were equals, Britain got Hong Kong, extraterritoriality

Indemnity

payment for losses in war

Extraterritoriality

right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation

Hong Kong

colony given to Britain in the 1st Opium War as part of the Treaty of Nanking

2nd Opium War

outcome of Chinese refusal to renegotiate the Treaty of Nanking along with Chinese seizure and supposed disrespect upon the ship the "Arrow"

Treaty of Tianjin

ended 1st phase of the 2nd opium war; established western embassies, opened 10 more port cities, abolished restriction on foreign travel in China, gave Chinese the right to travel freely along the Yangtze, and gave Britain an indemnity

Unequal Treaties

trade treaties that China signed under pressure of invasion; gave Western powers trade benefits

Taiping Rebellion

started by Hong Xiuquan against the Qing Dynasty; Hong Xiuquan led this rebellion because of western ideals such as communism, millions of casualties, almost took over Qing, western powers helped stop it

Hong Xiuquan

leader of the Taiping Rebellion; believed he was the younger brother of Jesus & preached a form of Christianity

Empress Dowager Cixi

the true empress during the rule of several young emperors; very conservative and traditional; oversaw the Tongzhi Restoration (imperial bureaucracy reform)

Self-Strengthening Movement

radical movement to modernize China by adapting to Western influence and letting it boost China, westernizing China after the Opium Wars, changing the educational and military policies.

Meiji Restoration

the modernization and industrialization of Japan in the 1800's

Sino-Japanese War

a war between China and Japan for influence, power, and territory, specifically in Korea and Taiwan

Treaty of Shimonoseki

unequal treaty that ended the Sino-Japanese war; Japan got some territory - Taiwan, an indemnity from China, several ports opened to Japan, and Japan got most favored nation status

Hundred Days' Reform

Emperor Guangxu’s Reform to modernize into a capitalist economy- put down by Empress Dowager Cixi and Guangxu put on house arrest

Emperor Guangxu

Empress Dowager Cixi's nephew who became emperor when he was 4; ran the Hundred Days' Reform

Boxer Rebellion

a rebellion by a Chinese secret society involved with martial arts; very anti-foreigner; didn’t enjoy foreigner presence Empress Cixi backed, but then put down by the Eight Army Alliance

Eight Army Alliance

the alliance between 8 western countries that defeated the Boxer Rebellion

Boxer Protocol/Indemnity

an unequal treaty; 450,000,000 gold indemnity to be payed over 39 years with a 4% interest right; Foreign Legation established with a ban on the Chinese; many Boxers executed; anti-foreign societies abolished; Confucian exams banned where foreigners were killed; foreign troops allowed in China

Puyi

the last emperor of China; forced to leave China at age 4 but came back during WWII as a puppet emperor; used by Chinese communists to show communist rehabilitation

Maratha Confederacy

large territorial empire in South Asia; mostly Hindus; advocated Hindu self-rule; took power from the Mughals & contributed to their decline

Vasco da Gama

man from Portugal who was the 1st European to reach India by sea

British East India Company

joint stock company that controlled much of India's political, social, and economic life during the period of imperialism

Bengal

region of northeastern India; significant source of revenue; produced silk, steel, and cotton textiles; taken by the BEIC, causing an outrage, BEIC grew their opium here

Battle of Plassey

1757 Battle that established British control over Bengal

Sir Robert Clive

the British man credited with establishing British rule in India

Diwani

the right to civil administration and tax collection in India

Treaty of Allahabad

the beginning of BEIC rule; gave Britain diwani by the Mughal Emperor

colony of exploitation

a colony that is valued solely due to the potential profits to be made; ex: from internal markets, international trade, and taxes

Sati

Indian custom of a widow voluntarily throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband

Oudh

rich and historic part of India; seized by the BEIC, causing outrage within the Indians

Doctrine of Lapse

a policy which allowed the BEIC to extend its control into Indian territory when a native ruler died

Sepoys

Indian mercenary soldiers trained in European military techniques

Sepoy Rebellion

rebellion by Sepoys against BEIC; proximate cause was the use of pig/cow grease on rifle cartridges

1858 Government of India Act

transferred the power of the BEIC to the British Crown (raj)

Civilizing Mission

A rhetoric/rationale, thinking the Chinese and Indians were uncivilized and barbarians, justified their actions by portraying them as uncivilized people, they said it was to correct the societies/to westernize, for military intervention and colonization

Cultural imperialism

practice of putting your culture before of another, societal prioritization of western culture over another, powerful foreign cultures are imposed over native cultures, domination of cultural relationships