Chapter 20 Lymphatic system

What are the three primary categories of blood functions?

distribution, regulation, protection

Example of blood distribution

transports oxygen from the lungs

Example of blood regulation

Maintains appropriate body temperature, maintains normal pH, and maintains blood volume

Example of blood protection

prevents blood loss and prevents infection

What are the standard values for blood volume in the human body?

4-6 liters

What are the standard values for blood pH in the human body?

7

What are the standard values for blood temperature in the human body?

100.4 degrees F

When blood is centrifuged, it separates into three layers. Name them and provide the percentage of total volume for each

Plasma 55%

Buffy coat <1%

Erythrocytes 45%

What is Plasma’s three main constituents?

water, plasma proteins, and other solutes

Which two cell types are found in the Buffy coat?

leukocytes (WBCs) and platelets

What is the specific medical term for the percentage of RBCs in a sample?

Hematocrit

Where are hematopoietic stem cells located in adults?

red bone marrow

Myeloid stem cells

Give rise to erythrocytes (RBCs), platelets, and most leukocytes

Which formed elements arise from Myeloid stem cells?

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes

Lymphoid stem cells

Give rise exclusively to lymphocytes

Which formed elements arise from Lymphoid stem cells?

T cells, B cells, and Natural Killer cells

Which specific hormones stimulate the production of Leukocytes (Leukopoiesis)?

Cytokines

Which specific hormones stimulate the production of Erythrocytes (Erythropoiesis)?

Erythropoietin

Which specific hormones stimulate the production of Platelets (Thrombopoiesis)?

Thrombopoietin

Briefly describe the development process of formed elements.

the proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells

What is the role of macrophages in the development process?

"cleaning up" debris, recycling iron from old RBCs, and providing growth factors to developing cells

What does a reticulocyte count measure?

the number of "young" red blood cells in the blood

The function of an RBC

gas transport

The physical shape of an RBC

biconcave discs (flattened in the middle) and are anucleate (lack a nucleus)

How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin carry?

4 oxygen molecules

The structure of a hemoglobin molecule

Globin bound to four red heme pigments, each heme group contains an iron atom at its center

What is the average lifespan of an RBC?

100-120 days

When an RBC breaks down, what happens to the globin?

It breaks down into amino acids, which are recycled back into the blood for protein synthesis

When an RBC breaks down, what happens to the iron?

It is removed from heme and stored as ferritin or hemosiderin in the liver, then it is by transferrin transported in the blood to be reused by the bone marrow

When an RBC breaks down, what happens to the heme?

The iron-less remainder is degraded to bilirubin, which the liver picks up and secretes into bile

What are the specific roles of ferritin and transferrin in iron metabolism?

stores iron safely and transports iron through the blood

What are the two major erythrocyte disorders?

Anemias and Polycythemia

Define anemia and give seven examples

low oxygen carrying capacity

Hemorrhagic anemia, Hemolytic anemia, Aplastic anemia, Iron-deficiency anemia, Pernicious anemia, Thalassemia, Sickle-cell anemia

What is Polycythemia?

excess RBC production

The five types of WBCs in order

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

Which WBCs are Granulocytes?

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Basophils function

inflammation

Eosinophils function

Parasites & Allergy

Which RBCs are Agranulocytes?

Monocytes, Lymphocytes

Monocyte function

Macrophage conversion

Lymphocytes function

Immunity

Neutrophils function

Phagocytosis

What is a Differential WBC count?

it determines the relative percentage of each of the five types of leukocytes in a blood sample

What are the two major leukocyte disorders?

Leukemia and Infectious mononucleosis

What is Leukemia?

A group of cancers involving overproduction of abnormal, non-functional white blood cells

What is Infectious mononucleosis?

Highly contagious viral disease ("Mono") marked by excessive numbers of atypical agranulocytes

What is the primary role of platelets in the blood?

form a temporary plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels and to initiate the chemical signaling required for blood clotting

What are the Three Steps of Hemostasis?

1. Vascular Spasms

2. Platelet Plug Formation

3. Coagulation

Vascular Spasm

The damaged smooth muscle in the blood vessel wall contracts to significantly reduce blood flow to the area

Platelet Plug Formation

Platelets adhere to exposed collagen fibers at the injury site. They become "sticky," release chemicals, and recruit more platelets to form a temporary seal.

Coagulation (blood clotting)

Fibrin threads reinforce the platelet plug, creating a mesh that traps RBCs and seals the hole more permanently

Coagulation Pathways

The process of turning liquid blood into a gel involves a "cascade" of clotting factors

What is an Intrinsic Pathway triggered by?

factors within the blood

What is a Extrinsic Pathway triggered by?

Tissue Factor released by damaged cells outside the blood

What are the two final steps of the Common Pathway?

1. Prothrombin is converted to the active enzyme Thrombin

2. Thrombin converts soluble Fibrinogen into insoluble Fibrin

What are the two major blood clotting disorders?

Thromboembolytic disorders and Bleeding disorders

Define Bleeding disorders and give three examples

Blood does not clot properly

Thrombocytopenia, Impaired liver function, Hemophilia

Define Thromboembolytic disorders

undesirable clot formation

Thrombus

A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel

Emblolus

A thrombus that breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the bloodstream.

Embolism

An embolus that encounters a vessel too narrow for it to pass through, causing an obstruction

What is the role of Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) in the body?

It is a naturally occurring protein that activates plasminogen to become plasmin

How do anticoagulants function?

They inhibit clotting

what are two blood group incompatibilities?

Transfusion reaction and Hemolytic disease of the newborn

What are the four blood types?

A, B, AB, O

What antigen and antibody is type A?

A antigen and anti-b

What antigen and antibody is type B?

b antigen and anti-a

What antigen and antibody is type AB?

a and b antigens and no antibody

What antigen and antibody is type O?

no antigen and anti-a and anti-b

Type A can receive blood from?

A and O

Type B can receive blood from?

B and O

Type AB can receive blood from?

A, B, AB, and O

Type O can receive blood from?

O

What are the two Rh blood types?

Rh positive and Rh negative

What happens biologically during a mismatched transfusion?

1. Agglutination

2. Hemolysis

3. Danger

When does Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) occur?

when an Rh-negative mother's immune system develops antibodies that attack the red blood cells of her Rh-positive fetus during a second or subsequent pregnancy

What are the three major immune system disorders?

Immunodeficiencies, Autoimmune disorders, Hypersensitivities

define Immunodeficiencies and give two examples

deficient immune systems

SCID and AIDS

define Autoimmune disorders and give three examples

immune system attacks own cells

Multiple sclerosis, Type I diabetes, and Rheumatoid arthritis

define Hypersensitivities and give two examples

overactive immune system

Asthma and Anaphylactic shock