Diencephalon and Cerebral Hemispheres

diencephalon: ____ centers for integration of al info passing from the ____ and ____ to the ______

functional, brainstem, spinal cord, cerebral hemispheres

cerebral hemispheres: integration of the _____ functions such as awareness of ____ and ____, ____ and memory, _____, and _____

highest, sensations, emotions, learning, creativity, language

functions of diencephalon and cerebral hemispheres: ____, moving ____, using ____ info, making _____, _____, remembering, understanding _____ relationships, ____, mind-body interactions, using ____ and ____ communication

perception, voluntarily, visual, decisions, consciousness, spatial, emotions, language, nonverbal

structures that make up the diencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, pituitary gland

the interthalamic adhesion is a _____ connection and there is no _____

physical, communication

thalamaus consists of several _____ where _____ and ____ occur

nuclei, synpases, processing `

lesions to the ____ can be devastating since lots of information goes through there

thalamus

3 functional groups of the thalamic nuclei

relay, association, nonspecific

thalamic nuclei that conveys info from the sensory systems, basal ganglia, or cerebellum to cerebral cortex

relay nuclei

thalamic nuclei that process emotional and memory or integrate different types of sensation

association nuclei

thalamic nuclei that regulate consciousness, arousal, attention

nonspecific nuclei

thalamic nuclei that is part of the ascending reticular activating system

nonspecific nuclei

hypothalamus contains several _____, coordinates ___ system (tissues and glands that create and release ____), involved in _____ functions (____ regulation, regulation of ____ system, control of ____)

nuclei, endocrine, hormones, non-endocrine, temp, autonomic nervous, appetite

receives signals and projections from several brain regions

hypothalamus

the hypothalamus release both _____ and ____ hormones that act on the _____

inhibiting, releasing, pituitary gland

the hypothalamus integrates _____ with ____ functions

behaviors, visceral

hypothalamus functions: maintaining _____, ____, reproductive, ____ behaviors, ____ expression of pleasure, rage, fear, and aversion, regulate ____ rhythms, _____ regulation of growth and metabolism, activation of _____ nervous system

homeostasis, eating, defensive, emotional, circadian, endocrine, sympathetic

functions of the hypothalamus are carried out through ____ gland and projections to ____, ____ and _____

pituitary, cortex, brainstem, spinal cord

pituitary hormones target 3 main locations

adrenal cortex, thyroid glans, ovaries/testes

hormones released from the anterior pituitary

TSH, adrenocorticotropic, prolactin, growth, luteinizing, follicle-stimulating

thyroid stimulating hormone: causes an _____ in thyroid secretion

increase

adrenocorticotropic hormone: stimulates the release of steroids from _____

adrenal cortex

prolactin: causes ____ production

milk

growth hormone: causes ____ growth in tissues

increased

luteinizing hormone: in females it triggers ______, males its important for _____

ovaries, spermatogenesis

hormones released from the posterior pituitary

antidiuretic, oxytocin

antidiuretic hormone: maintains fluid balance by ____ reabsorption of ____ in the kindey

increasing, water

oxytocin: stimulates the contraction of uterus during _____, ____ expulsion in lactating breasts, associated with ____, ____ and bonding, male and female ____ activity

childbirth, milk, relaxation, trust, sexual

pituitary tumor lesions can range from hormonal ____ to _____

hyposecretion, hypersecretion

pituitary tumors: ___ of symptoms, most are ___ and ___-growing

variety, benign, slow

pituitary tumor signs: ____, nausea, _____, irregular menses and ____, and ____ dysfunciton

headaches, vomiting, lactation, sexual

_____ is common since optic chaism is directly above the pituitary glans

bitemporal hemianopsia

epithalamus is made up of the

pineal gland, habenula

pineal gland helps regulate ____ and ____ rhythms, and influences ____

circadian, seasonal, pituitary

habenula involved with suppression of ____ areas and behavioral changes due to ____

reward, stress

neuronal activity in _____ is abnormally increased in depression

habenula

subthalamus includes the _____ nuclei

subthalamic

grey matter subcortical structures

basal ganglia, amygdala

basal ganglia are vital for normal ____ function; involved with ___ function, _____, and _____

motor, cognitive, behaviors, emotions

amygdala involved with _____ and has ____ system component

emotions, limbic

3 categories of subcortical white matter

projection fibers, commissural fibers, association fibers

projection fibers have ____ and ____ fibers

ascending, descending

projection fibers - ascending: convey signals from ____ structures to ____ cortex

subcortical, cerebral

projection fibers - descending: from cerebral cortex to ____, ____ and ____

basal ganglia, brainstem, spinal cord

projection fibers relay ____, visual, ____ and ____ information to the cerebral cortex

somatosenosry, auditory, motor

projection fibers make the ____

internal capsule

internal capsule 3 parts

antieror limb, genu, posterior limb

anterior limb of the internal capsule is between _____ and _____

caudate, lentiform nuclei

posterior limb of the internal capsule is between ____ and _____

thalamic, lenitform nuclei

commissural fibers: connect ____ areas of the cerebral hemispheres

homologous

the ____ is the largest group of commissural fibers

corpus callosum

lesion to the commissural fibers is called _____

callosotomy

hemispheres surgically seperated by severing the ____ in cases of intractable epilepsy

corpus callosum

association fibers: connect ____ regions with one hemispheres

cortical

short association fibers connect ____

adjacent gyri

long association fibers connect _____

lobes within one hemisphere

4 long association fiber bundles

superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasiculus, uncinate fasciculus, cingulum

superior longitudinal fasciculus links ____ areas

frontal, parietal, temporal/occipital

inferior longitudinal fasciculus links _____ lobes

occipital, temporal

uncinate fasciculus links _____ lobes

frontal, anterior temporal

cingulum links parts of ____

limbic system

cerebral cortex: vast collection of ___, ____ and ____ covering the surface of the cerebral hemispheres

cell bodies, axons, dendrites

cerebral cortex contains layers, differentiated by ____ and ____ of cells

size, connectivity

5 general functional areas

primary sensory, secondary sensory, association, motor planning, primary motor

primary sensory cortices = ____ analysis

basic

secondary sensory cortices = _____ analysis

more complex

association cortices = integration of ____ and ____ processing

information, complex

motor planning areas = ____ composition and sequencing

movement

primary motor cortex = ___ motor ouput

cortical

52 histological areas

Brodmanns areas

brodmanns area 4 = ____

primary motor cortex

brodmanns area 6 = _____

supplementary motor, premotor

brodmanns area 17 = ____

primary visual cortex

brodmanns area 18, 19 = _____

secondary visual

brodmanns area 3, 1, 2 = ____

primary somatosensory

primary sensory areas of cerebral cortex

primary somatosensory, primary auditory, primary vestibular, primary visual

primary sensory cortex

• receives = ____ information

• location = ____ gyrus

• broadmann areas = ____

• short hand = ____

tactile and proprioception, post-central, 3 1 2, S1

primary auditory cortex

• receives = information from ___ of both ears

• location = ____ gyrus

• short hand = _____

cochlea, superior temporal, A1

brodmanns area = primary vestibular cortex

• receives = information from ___ system

• location = posterior ____ and parietal ____

vestibular, insula, operculum

bradmanns area = primary visual cortex

• receives = ___ info from the retina

• location = ____ fissure and cortex

visual, calcarine

lesion to primary somatosensory area: loss of _____ localization and conscious _____

tactile, proprioception

lesion to primary auditory area: less of localization of _____

sounds e

lesion to primary visual area: _____ hemianopia

homonymonous

lesion to primary vestibular area: change in awareness of ____ position and movement and perception of _____, ___pulsion

head, vertical, latero

secondary sensory areas

secondary somatosensory, secondary auditory, secondary visual

secondary sensory areas analyze sensory input from ____ and _____ cortex

thalamus, primary sensory

secondary somatosensory cortex short hand =

S2

secondary auditory cortex short hand =

A2

secondary visual cortex short hand =

V2

secondary visual cortex includes brodmanns area =

18, 19

lesion secondary somatosensory area = _____

astereognosis

lesion to secondary visual area = visual ____ or optic _____

agnosia, ataxia

lesion to secondary auditory area = auditory ____

agnosia

general term for the inability to recognize objects when using a specific sense

agnosia

inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation despite intact discriminative somatosensation

astereognosis

inability to visually recognize objects despite having intact vision

visual agnosia

inability to use visual info to detect movement, despite intact ability to visually identify and describe objects

optic ataxia

inability to recognize sounds, despite intact hearing

auditory agnosia

primary motor cortex controls _____ movement

contralateral voluntary

primary motor cortex is the source of most neurons in the ____ tract

corticospinal