Final Prep 2

Id

Primal, instinctive part of the mind that operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of basic needs and desires.

The unconscious aspect that is driven by urges and instincts, without regard for external reality or social norms.

Likened to a baby’s behaviors, where immediate satisfaction is the primary goal.

Ego

Part that acts as a mediator between the id (instinctual drives) and the super ego (moral and ethical standards)

Superego

Part of the personality that embodies moral ideals and the conscience, internalized from parental and societal figures.

Represents our sense of right and wrong, and strives for perfection. It mediates between the Id's desires and the Ego's reality, guiding moral decisions.

Oral Stage

The first stage of Freud's psychosexual development, where infants derive pleasure from oral activities like sucking and biting. Birth - 1.

Anal Stage

The second stage of psychosexual development where pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder control. This stage typically occurs between the ages of 18 months and 3 years.

Phallic Stage

A stage in psychosexual development where children experience pleasure from their genitalia and begin to identify with their same-sex parent, typically occurring between ages 3 and 6.

Prejudice

Negative attitudes and beliefs about people based on their group membership.

Factors that have an influence on Obedience

• perceived legitimacy of authority figure.

• proximity of the authority figure and the learner.

• social context of the situation.

Attribution

The process of explaining the causes of behavior or events, often distinguishing between internal and external factors.

Attribution Error

The tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational factors when explaining others' behavior.

Asch experiment and conformity

• demonstrates the power of group influence on individual behavior.

• Participants were asked to judge which of three lines matched a standard line, but actors intentionally gave wrong answers leading many participants to conform to the group’s wrong judgement, even when it was obvious.

Festinger’s experiment on cognitive dissonance.

A study that explored how individuals experience discomfort when holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes, often leading to attitude changes.

Trait Perspective on Personality (5 Factor)

Openness: refers to a person’s tendency to be imaginative, curious, and open to new experiences.

Conscientiousness: characterized by self-discipline, organization, and goal-directed behavior.

Extraversion: a person’s sociability, assertiveness, and tendency to seek out social interactions.

Agreeableness: reflects a person’s tendency to be cooperative, empathetic, and trusting.

Neuroticism: tendency to experience negative emotions. people high in neuroticism may be described as moody, nervous, and emotionally unstable.

Milgram study and obedience

• Found ordinary people will often obey authority figures, even when it means harming others.

• Participants were instructed to administer electric shocks to a learner for incorrect answers, and continuted to do so even when the learner showed distress and the shocks were labeled as dangerous.

Social Factors

Encompass broader influences like culture, relationships, and community.

Social Support

The help and assistance we receive from others.

Types of Group Therapy

psychoeducational, skills development, interpersonal, and process-oriented groups.

Who invented psychodynamic therapy?

developed by Sigmund Freud, focusing on unconscious processes and childhood experiences.

Who invented humanistic therapy?

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Focuses on finding personal meaning and self-actualization.

Who invented RET therapy?

Albert Ellis developed Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) in the 1950s, emphasizing the role of beliefs in emotional well-being.

Who invented psychoanalytic therapy?

Sigmund Freud developed this therapy in the early 20th century, focusing on the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior and thoughts.

Who invented cognitive therapy?

was developed by Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s. It focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns to improve emotional well-being.

Sources of Stress

Various factors that contribute to an individual's perception of challenges, including environmental, social, and personal pressures.

Aversive Conditioning

A behavioral therapy technique that involves reinforcing a negative response to unwanted behaviors by associating them with unpleasant stimuli.

Obsessions

Unwanted and intrusive thoughts that cause significant anxiety or distress, often associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Compulsions

Repetitive behaviors driven by obsessions that individuals feel compelled to perform to reduce anxiety. Can be physical and mental.

Repression

A defense mechanism where unwanted thoughts and memories are unconsciously pushed out of awareness.

Sublimation

A defense mechanism where socially unacceptable impulses are transformed into socially acceptable actions or behaviors.

Denial

A defense mechanism where a person refuses to accept reality or facts, effectively blocking external events from awareness.

Rationalization

Providing a logical but false justification for behavior or thoughts

Reaction Formation

Overcompensating with an opposing attitude or behavior to suppress a threatening impulse.

projection

Displacement