Module 4: Anatomical Terminology - CLCV 102

anatomical position

∙ standing upright

∙ legs slightly apart

∙ feet pointing forward

∙ arms down to side

∙ palms facing forward

∙ eyes straight forward

planes and sections

∙ human body is 3D

∙ has 3 planes:

1. frontal (or coronal) plane

2. sagittal plane

3. transverse plane

∙ 2D view of body along one plane is called a section

frontal (coronal) plane

∙ vertical plane

∙ runs from side to side

∙ gives anterior and posterior portions

∙ frontal section

sagittal plane

∙ vertical plane

∙ runs from front to back

∙ gives left and right portions

∙ a sagittal section is produced by cutting along sagittal plane

∙called midsagittal section, if divides body into equal left and right halves

transverse plane

∙ only horizontal plane

∙ gives upper and lower portions

directional terminology

∙ indicates position of structure in relation to another structure

∙ position of heart and stomach relative to each other can be stated as either:

→ heart is superior to stomach

→ stomach is inferior to heart

building direction terms

∙ most direction terms are Latin-style terms

∙ can be built from word parts

∙ commonly consists of word root and an adjective suffix

→ usually -ic, -ior, or -al

body surface terms

∙ terms used to refer to specific body areas

∙ suffixes to use are -ic,-al, or -ar

∙ one term uses a prefix in addition to a suffix:

→ ante- + cubit + -al: pertaining to the front of the elbow

body cavities

∙ majority of internal organs (called viscera) are found within one of four body cavities

∙ dorsal cavity (cranial, spinal)

∙ ventral cavity (thoracic, abdominopelvic)

dorsal cavity

contains cranial and spinal cavities

cranial cavity

∙ lies inside skull

∙ contains the brain

∙ brain is protected by membrane sac called meninges

spinal

∙ formed by canal through vertebrae

∙ contains the spinal cord

∙ also protected by the meninges

thoracic cavity

∙ superior of two ventral cavities

∙ enclosed by ribs and separated from abdominopelvic cavity by diaphragm muscle

∙ contains organs such as the lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, aorta, and thymus gland

∙ subdivided into:

→ mediastinum

→ pleural cavities

mediastinum

∙ central region

∙ contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, aorta, and thymus

∙ heart is encased in the pericardial sac

pleural cavities

∙ side regions

∙ each contains a lung

∙ sac protecting lungs is called the pleura

abdominopelvic cavity

∙ inferior of two ventral cavities

∙ subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities

∙ organs of abdominopelvic cavity are protected by membrane covering called the peritoneum

∙ abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

abdominal cavity

stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, and portions of colon and intestine

pelvic cavity

∙ urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, and portions of colon and intestine in both genders

∙ in females, also contains uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and vagina

∙ in males, also contains prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral gland, and portion of vas deferns

kidneys

∙ only major abdominopelvic organs lying outside of peritoneum

∙ found along either side of vertebral column just under lower ribs

∙ position is called retroperitoneal

look at pics of division of abdominopelvic cavity

clinical divisions (abdominopelvic cavity)

∙ four equal quadrants

∙ center of the quadrants is navel

∙ right upper quadrant

∙ left upper quadrant

∙ right lower quadrant

∙ left lower quadrant

anatomical divisions (abdominopelvic cavity)

nine sections drawn, looks like tic tac toe board

∙ right hypochondriac

∙ epigastric

∙ left hypochondriac

∙ right lumbar

∙ umbilical

∙ left lumbar

∙ right inguinal

∙ hypogastric

∙ left inguinal

right hypochondriac

∙ right lateral side of upper row under lower ribs which are connected to the sternum by cartilage

epigastric

middle area of upper row overlying stomach

left hypochondriac

left lateral side of upper row

right lumbar

right lateral side of middle row

umbilical

middle area of middle row containing navel (also called umbilicus)

left lumbar

left lateral side of middle row

right inguinal

right lateral side of lower row near groin

hypogastric

middle area of lower row (below the belly button)

left inguinal

left lateral side of lower row

more than one of us

∙ plurals are formed by adding the appropriate ending directly to the stem of a Latin noun

∙ the plural forms complete the pattern of endings

the first declension

most straight forward in pattern

the first declension: nom singular (f)

-a

the first declension: nom plural (f)

-ae

the first declension: gen singular (f)

-ae

the first declension: gen plural (f)

-arum

the second declension

∙ for the 2nd and 3rd declensions, there are different endings for neuter nouns in the nominative case

→ watch for the neuter plural ending -a

∙ Latin neuter plural ex: data (p); datum (sing)

the second declension: nom. singular (m)

-us

the second declension: nom. singular (n)

-um

the second declension: nom. plural (m)

-i

the second declension: nom. plural (n)

-a

the second declension: gen. singular (m and n)

-i

the second declension: gen. plural (m and n)

-orum

the third declension

∙ note 1: the masculine and feminine share the same endings here. only way to tell the gender of a 3rd declension noun is to learn it

∙ note 2: two different endings for the genitive plural. rule for using one or the other are complex

the third declension: nom. singular

varies

the third declension: nom. plural (m/f )

-es

the third declension: nom. plural (n)

-a

the third declension: gen. sing (both)

-is

the third declension: gen. plural (both)

-um, -ium

the less common declensions

∙ 4th and 5th declension nouns borrowed into English form regular plurals in -s; fetuses, sinuses (etc)

fourth declension: nom. sing (m)

-us

fourth declension: nom. plural (m)

-us

fifth declension: nom. sing (f)

-es

fifth declension: nom. plural (f)

-es

fifth declension: gen. sing (f)

-ei

fifth declension: gen. plural (f)

-erum