(AnaPhy) Muscular system

Movements + Muscles

Skeletal Muscle

• Appearance: Striated (striped) with alternating light and dark bands.

• Control: Voluntary, meaning we can consciously control their contractions.

• Location: Attached to bones, allowing for movement.

• Function: Responsible for locomotion, posture, breathing, and other voluntary movements.

• Contraction: Rapid and forceful.

Smooth Muscle

• Appearance: Non-striated (smooth).  

• Control: Involuntary, meaning we cannot consciously control their contractions.  

• Location: Walls of hollow organs (e.g., digestive tract, blood vessels, bladder), and in some other locations like the iris of the eye.  

• Function: Responsible for involuntary movements like digestion, blood vessel constriction, and organ function.  

• Contraction: Slow and sustained.

Cardiac Muscle

• Appearance: Striated but with unique branching and connections called intercalated discs.  

• Control: Involuntary.  

• Location: Found only in the heart.  

• Function: Responsible for the heart's contractions, pumping blood throughout the body.

• Contraction: Rhythmic and powerful.

   

Flexion

Decreases the angle between two body parts / bending

Extension

Increases the angle between two body parts / straightening

Dorsiflexion

Specifically refers to lifting the top of the foot toward the shin

Plantarflexion

Specifically refers to pointing the toes downward

Abduction

Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.

Lateral Flexion

Bending the trunk or neck to the side.

Eversion

Turning the sole of the foot outward.

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward.

Zygomatic Minor

Smiling (small)

Zygomatic Major

Smiling (big)

Buccinator

Muscle for blowing & sucking

Mentalis

Pouting

Frontalis

Raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead

Orbicularis Oculi

Closes eyelids (blinking, squinting)

Orbicularis Oris

Closes and protrudes lips (kissing, whistling)

Risorius

Smile, frown grin (Lack of; Dimples)

Masseter

Chewing

Mentalis

Elevates and protrudes lower lip (frowning / pouting)

Supraspinatus

Shoulder abduction (taas)

Infraspinatus

Shoulder external rotation (baba)

Teres Minor

Shoulder external rotation

Subscapularis

Shoulder internal rotation

Teres Major

Shoulder adduction and extension

Coracobrachialis

Shoulder flexion and adduction

Deltoid

Shoulder abduction

Biceps Brachii

• Shoulder flexion

• Elbow flexion

• Forearm supination

Brachialis

Elbow flexion

Triceps Brachii

• Shoulder extension

• Elbow extension

Wrist flexors

Wrist flexion

Pronator teres

Forearm pronation

Wrist extensors

Wrist extension

Brachioradialis

Elbow flexion

Trapezius

Shoulder shrugs
Scapular adduction

Rhomboids (Major & Minor)

Scapular adduction (Retract and elevate)

Latissimus Dorsi

Shoulder extension, adduction, and medially rotates the humerus (arm) at the shoulder joint.

Erector Spinae

Trunk extension

Pectoralis (Major & Minor)

Shoulder blade flexion, adduction, and internal rotation

Rectus Abdominis

Trunk flexion (bending forward; compresses the abdomen.)

External Oblique

Compresses the abdomen; 

• assists in lateral flexion (same side)

• rotation of the trunk (contralateral rotation).

Internal Oblique

Compresses the abdomen; 

• assists in lateral flexion (same side)

• rotation of the trunk (same side)

Iliacus and psoas major (Iliopsoas muscle)

Hip flexion

Sartorius

Hip flexion, abduction, external rotation

Quadriceps Femoris

• Rectus Femoris

• Vastus Lateralis

• Vastus Medialis

• Vastus Intermedius

Hip flexion, knee extension

Pectineus

Hip adduction

Adductor Longus

Hip adduction

Gracilis

Hip adduction, knee flexion

Gluteus Maximus

Hip extension

Hamstrings 

• Biceps Femoris

• Semitendinosus

• Semimembranosus

Hip extension, knee flexion

Adductor Magnus

Hip adduction

Gluteus Medius

Hip abduction

Tensor Fasciae Latae

Hip abduction

Tibialis Anterior

Ankle dorsiflexion

Extensor Digitorum Longus

Dorsiflexion of the ankle; extension of the toes.

Extensor Hallucis Longus

Dorsiflexion of the ankle; extension of the big toe

Peroneus Tertius

Ankle eversion, plantarflexion

Gastrocnemius

• Ankle plantarflexion

• Knee flexion

Soleus

Ankle plantarflexion