Practice Test Questions Respiratory-Pathology | Quizlet

What is the smallest functional unit of the respiratory system?

Alveoli

What change in technical factors is required for any condition that adds fluid or tissue?

Increase in technique

What change in technical factors is required for any condition that increases aeration of the chest?

Decrease in technique

Placement of what devices require chest x-rays for verification?

-Endotracheal tube

-Central venous catheter

-Swan-Ganz catheter

-Transvenous cardiac pacemaker

-Chest tubes

What modality is used for high resolution images of the heart and lungs?

CT

What modality is used to detect pleural effusions of for needle aspirations?

Sonography

What uses sound waves to create an image of the heart?

Echocardiogram (ultrasound)

What modality is used to evaluate/dx pulmonary diffusion conditions or pulmonary emboli?

Nuclear medicine

What condition is characterized by secretion of viscous mucous by all exocrine glands?

Cystic fibrosis

What disease is the most common inherited disease and most common lethal genetic dz in children?

Cystic fibrosis

How does cystic fibrosis initially appear on a chest x-ray?

Increased radiodensities and hyperinflation.

How does cystic fibrosis appear on progressive chest x-rays?

Bronchial thickening, hyperinflation, cyst formation, scarring, pulmonary artery and right ventricular enlargement, and overinflation of lung and chest wall.

What type of technique adjustment is required for cystic fibrosis?

Increase of factors due to added mucous

What is caused by the lack of surfactant in immature lungs?

Hyaline membrane disease/ idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

What condition is one of the most common causes of respiratory distress in newborns?

Hyaline membrane disease/ IRDS

What causes lungs to fill with fluid and appear as ground glass?

IRDS/ Hyaline membrane dz.

What viral infection occurring in young children produced inflammatory obstructive swelling in the trachea and causes a barking cough?

Croup

What condition is caused by Haemophilus influenzae and results in thickening of epiglottic tissue and surrounding structures?

Epiglottitis (can be fatal w/o vaccination)

What is caused mostly by bacteria and viruses and results in inflammation of the lung?

Pneumonia

What radiographic patterns are produced by pneumonia?

Alveolar (air-space) pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonia

What airborne disease is caused by a rod-shaped bacterium that has the ability to live outside the body for extended periods of time?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tuberculosis)

What does RSV stand for?

Respiratory syncytial virus

What condition attacks the lower respiratory tract, causes necrosis of the epithelium of the bronchi and bronchioles, and causes bronchiolitis?

RSV

What results from necrotic material and edema from RSV?

Bronchial obstruction

What can occur as a result of bronchiolitis?

Bronchial spasm and interstitial pneumonia

What condition is caused by the chronic obstruction of the airways hindering the exchange of gases?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

What may appear as hyperinflation on a chest x-ray and occurs when excessive mucous is secreted into the lungs?

Chronic bronchitis

What type of technique adjustment is required for bronchitis?

No change

What disease occurs when the air spaces in the alveoli become enlarged due to the destruction of the alveolar wall?

Emphysema

What disease requires a significant decrease in technique and is identified by the patient being barrel-chested and a flattened diaphragm?

Emphysema

What is asthma? How does the chest x-ray appear?

Airways are narrowed due to stimuli (anxiety/ allergies). Like a normal chest.

What causes pneumoconiosis?

Inhalation of irritating particles

What are the most common types of pneumoconiosis?

Asbestosis, silicosis, anthracosis

What type of pneumoconiosis can cause pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer (especially in smokers)?

Asbestosis

What type of pneumoconiosis is permanent and causes pts to be 3X more likely to develop TB?

Silicosis

What type of pneumoconiosis appears as small opaque spots or conglomerate masses on a chest x-ray?

Anthracosis (coal worker's disease or black lung pneumoconiosis)

What is the most common benign pulmonary mass that resembles a neoplasm in the tissue of origin (birthmark)?

Hamartoma

Why are hamartomas problematic?

Seen as a small radiodense mass w/ sharp outline and could represent benign granuloma, small neoplasm, or solitary metastasis

What low grade malignant lesions appear in a younger age group than bronchogenic carcinoma?

Bronchial adenoma

What are the most common symptoms of bronchial adenoma?

Hemoptysis (coughing up blood) and reoccurring pneumonia

What disease is the most common fatal primary malignancy in the US occurring in people 45-70 years old?

Bronchogenic carcinoma

What are the primary causes of bronchogenic carcinoma?

It arises from the mucosa of the bronchial tree and linked to smoking and inhalation of carcinogens (air-pollution, industrial fumes, ect.)

What type of cancer makes up 80% of all lung cancers?

Non-small cell types

What are the different types of non-small cell cancers?

Squamous carcinoma (most common), adenocarcinoma, and bronchiolar (alveolar cell) carcinoma (least common)

Where do most pulmonary metastases travel from?

Muscoskeletal sarcomas, myeloma, breast ca, urogenital tract, thyroid, and colon

What type of ca spreads to lung by direct extension?

Breast, esophagus, and stomach

What percentage of lung ca is caused by smoking?

90% in men; 80% in women

What disease is caused by a sudden blockage of an artery in the lung (may be fatal) and is the most common lung pathology of hospitalized pts?

Pulmonary embolism

What percentage of embolisms arise from deep vein thrombosis in lower extremities?

95%

What is the modality of choice to dx pulmonary embolisms?

High-resolution CT

What is atelectasis?

Diminished air within the lung causing reduced lung volume (appears radiodense)

What causes atelectasis?

Bronchial obstructions such as neoplasms, foreign bodies, or mucous plugs

What is dyspnea?

Shortness of breath

What occurs when air is present in the pleural cavity resulting in partial/complete collapse of the lung?

Pneumothorax

What can cause pneumothorax?

Rupture of subpleural bulla, spontaneous event, trauma, iatrogenic causes (bx or chest tube placement), or complicated neonatal hyaline membrane dz.

What can be diagnosed using an erect PA, lateral chest, or lateral decub w/ affected side up and will appear as the lung being displaced from the chest wall and no lung markings?

Pneumothorax

What is pleural effusion?

Fluid in the pleural space

What can cause pleural effusion?

CHF, PE, infection (like TB), pleurisy, neoplastic dz, connective tissue disorder also abdominal sx, ascites, subphrenic abcess, and pancreatitis

What can be dx using an erect PA, lateral chest, or lateral decub w/ affected side down and shows air-fluid levels w/ possible mediastinal shift?

Pleural effusion

What is defined as a rare accumulation of infected liquid or pus in the pleural space?

Empyema

The term for coughing or spitting up blood is?

Hemoptysis

Pneumothorax is caused by all of the following except?

Inhalation of quartz dust

This refers to a growth or tumor which may be benign or malignant?

Neoplasm

Pulmonary metastases can develop from all of the following except (Breast, Prostate, Hepatic, and Colon)?

Hepatic cancer

What modality is best for evaluating and diagnosing pulmonary diffusion?

Nuclear medicine