Neuroanatomy 450 (copy)

Follows study guide

define neuroscience

study of brain and neurosystem

define neurology

diseases in nervous system, clinicians who do assessments and treatments

define neurosurgery

surgical intervention for treatment of nervous system

define neuroanatomy

study organization of CNS at gross and cellular level- neurons, fiber tracts, glial cells

define neuroradiology

identification of normal and abnormal brain tissue as it is in body- imaging, CT

define neuroembryology

embryonic growth of nervous system

define neuropathology

nature of diseased tissue and pathology, diagnose tissues, do not manage patients

why do CSD professionals need to have basic understanding of neuroscience?

prevent, assess, diagnose, treat disorders of communication and swallowing

share language with interdisciplinary care teams

what structures are a part of the CNS?

brain, spinal cord, fasciculus, nucleus, tract

what structures are a part of PNS?

ganglion, nerve

what subsystems are a part of the PNS?

somatic nervous system: cranial nerves, spinal nerves, association nerves

autonomic nervous system: sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

what is the somatic nervous system?

system that is related to voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements

When a signal is created in the brain, it is sent to a _______________, which is connected to general muscle.

cranial nerve

When a signal is created in the brain, it is sent to a _________________, which is connected to muscles of respiration.

spinal nerve

what are association nerves?

smaller sets of nerves that assist in transmission systems

what is the autonomic nervous system?

system related to involuntary (self-governing) control of skeletal muscle movements

regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

what is the sympathetic nervous system’s function?

controls body arousal and body’s expenditure of energy when in hypervigilant state

what is the parasympathetic nervous system’s function?

controls functions of relaxation- salivation, gastric motility (movement of digestive system)

restores function when sympathetic excitement messes it up

each hemisphere has _ lobes

4

the frontal lobe contains the

prefrontal cortex, primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, Broca’s area, premotor cortex

the parietal lobe contains the

primary sensory cortex

the temporal lobe contains the

primary auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area

what are gyri?

convolutions/ridges/hills of cerebral cortex

what are sulci?

furrows/valleys of cerebral cortex

what is a fissure?

particularly deep sulcus

where is the sylvian fissure (lateral sulcus)?

separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe

identify the frontal lobe

blue area

anterior to central sulcus

identify the parietal lobe

lavender area

posterior to central sulcus and superior to sylvian fissure

identify the temporal lobe

yellow area

inferior to sylvian fissure, anterior to occipital lobe

identify the occipital lobe

green area

posterior to parietal and temporal lobes

identify the cerebellum

red area

dorsal to pons and medulla

where is the central sulcus?

posterior part of frontal lobe

divides the frontal and parietal lobes

what are white matter tracts?

axons covered in myelin

cell bodies connecting different parts of the brain

Define tract

bunch of axons bundled together

part of CNS

Define nerve

bunch of axons bundled together

part of PNS

what is the function of the frontal lobe?

executive functioning, decision maker and decider, initiation of motor movement, connections to all other parts of brain

where is the prefrontal area?

most anterior area of frontal lobe

what is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

executive functions and thinking

what does the motor cortex include?

primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplemental motor cortex

where is the primary motor cortex?

precentral gyrus

what is the primary motor cortex function?

initiation of motor activity and muscle control

has somtotopic organization

where is the premotor cortex?

inferior to the supplementary motor area, stays lateral

what is the function of the premotor cortex?

helps to acquire new motor sequences that aren’t stored or preplanned

where is the supplementary motor area?

medial surface of frontal lobe, anterior to precentral gyrus

what is the function of the supplementary motor area?

helps to plan and sequence motor actions

support area

where is Broca’s area?

posterior portion of left inferior frontal gyrus (3rd frontal convolution)

what is the function of Broca’s area?

verbal expressions (syntax, grammar) and programming movements for speech production

what is the function of the parietal lobe?

supplies sensory feedback to support and adjust motor movement

sensory and sensation information

where is the primary sensory strip?

postcentral gyrus

what is the function of the primary sensory strip?

processes incoming sensory information

sensory counterpart to the primary motor strip

what is the function of the temporal lobe?

auditory processing

where is the primary auditory cortex?

transverse temporal gyrus or Heshl’s gyrus

what is the function of the primary auditory cortex?

first cortical structure where auditory info is processed

figures out where to send the info to be processed

where is Wernicke’s area?

posterior 1/3 portion of the left superior temporal gyrus

what is the function of Wernicke’s area?

auditory comprehension for language

where is the insula?

deep within sylvian fissure

covered by frontal, temporal and parietal lobes

what is the insula’s function?

motor movements and cognitive functioning (self-awareness, interpersonal experience)

what is the function of the corpus callosum?

major white matter tract that connects the two hemispheres

where is the corpus callosum?

floor of longitudinal fissure and forms roof of ventricular cavities

where is the limbic lobe/system?

forms ring around medial-most margins of frontal, parietal, temporal lobes

what is the function of the limbic system?

produces instinctual reflexes, emotional drive for vegetative and visceral functions, feeling and reacting

what is the function of the hippocampus?

long term memory

where is the hippocampus?

deep medial structure whose fornix wraps around basal ganglia

cortical structure of the limbic lobe

where is the basal ganglia (nuclei)?

group of structures deep within brain

3 blobs of gray matter

what is the function of the basal ganglia?

regulates movement

what are the primary structures of the basal ganglia?

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

where is the amygdala?

almond shaped deep medial structure near end of tail of caudate

subcortical structure of the limbic lobe

what is the function of the amygdala?

emotion and fear regulation

what is the function of the thalamus?

sensory relay station

any sensory info to be processed goes through thalamus first and is sent on to be further processed

where is the thalamus?

top of midbrain above brainstem, forms lateral wall of third ventricle

divided into several parts is called the thalamic nuclei

separates basal ganglia on each side

how is information taken into the thalamus?

information comes into and is processed in thalamus in organized way, not just a blob

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

autonomic functions: body temp, hunger, attachment behaviors, thirst, fatigue, sleep

what system does the hypothalamus link the nervous system to?

endocrine system

where is the hypothalamus?

below thalamus and near pituitary gland

what is the function of the midbrain?

processing and relay system

where is the midbrain?

connects brainstem and thalamus

what are the three main structures of the midbrain?

substantia nigra, red nucleus, subthalamic nucleus

what is the function of the substantia nigra?

supplies dopamine to basal ganglia

where is the substantia nigra?

midbrain

where is the red nucleus?

midbrain

what is the function of the red nucleus?

oval mass of cells that acts as relay station for sensorimotor info

supports basal ganglia

where is the subthalamic nucleus?

midbrain

what is the function of the subthalamic nucleus?

supports motor movement and basal ganglia

rostral

toward nose (front of brain)

caudal

toward the tail (back of brain)

dorsal

top of brain

ventral

bottom/lower brain

superior

above

inferior

below

anterior

front

posterior

back

medial

close to midline

lateral

close to side (away from midline)

proximal

near main part of body

distal

away from main part of body

peripheral

further away from center

superficial

near outer surface

deep

further away from surface

sagittal plane

vertical cut that divides brain into left and right portions

midsagittal plane

vertical cut that divides brain into left and right equal halves