PET 4551 Exercise Testing and Prescription Study Guide Exam 2

This set of flashcards covers essential terms and concepts related to exercise testing, prescription, and the physiological responses to exercise, prepared for exam review.

Frank-Starling mechanism

Control mechanism for stroke volume that involves increased venous return.

Hypertrophy

The increase in muscle mass, particularly in the ventricles, caused by chronic pressure or volume overload.

Karvonen Formula

A method to calculate target heart rate using the formula: Target HR = [(HRmax − HRrest) × %Intensity] + HRrest.

Ventricular hypertrophy

An enlargement of the ventricular muscle mass, which can be evidenced by a large R wave in certain ECG leads.

Borg 6–20 scale

A perceived exertion scale that correlates with heart rate; RPE of 12-13 indicates moderate effort.

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Calculated as MAP = DBP + (SBP − DBP)/3, it represents the average pressure in a person's arteries.

Heart Rate Reserve (HRR)

A method to determine target exercise intensity by taking the difference between maximum heart rate and resting heart rate.

Isometric exercise

A type of strength training where the muscle length does not change during contraction.

Tilt test

A test used to evaluate autonomic function, often by assessing heart rate and blood pressure changes.

Submax testing

Exercise tests conducted at less than maximal exertion to estimate VO₂max, generally considered safer and less expensive.

Pulse Pressure (PP)

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure: PP = SBP − DBP.

Flexibility

The range of motion in a joint or group of joints, significantly influenced by stretching.

Arrhythmia

Any disturbance in heart rhythm, including changes in rate, regularity, or conduction.

Muscular Endurance

The ability of a muscle group to exert submaximal force repeatedly over time.

Target Heart Rate Identification

Calculated using both the Karvonen formula and percentage of maximum heart rate (%HRmax).

Fick Equation

VO₂ = Q × (a-vO₂ difference), where Q represents cardiac output.

Systolic Blood Pressure

The pressure exerted on arterial walls during heart contraction.

Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)

An imaging technique used to measure bone density and body composition.

Working load in cycling

Calculated as Workload (kgm/min) = Resistance (kg) × Distance/rev × rpm.

Training Principle: Specificity

The principle stating that training should be relevant and appropriate to the sport for which the individual is preparing.

Blood Pressure Terms

Systolic: pressure during contraction; Diastolic: pressure during relaxation.

ECG leads

Electrodes placed on the body to detect heart electrical activity; comprise limb, augmented, and chest leads.

Diastolic Blood Pressure

The pressure exerted on arterial walls during heart relaxation.

Isotonic exercise

A type of strength training where the muscle length changes during contraction, moving a load through a range of motion (e.g., bicep curl).

Cardiorespiratory Fitness

The ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen to skeletal muscles during sustained physical activity.

VO₂max

The maximum rate of oxygen consumption measured during incremental exercise, reflecting an individual's aerobic capacity.

Exercise Intensity Zones

Ranges of heart rate or perceived exertion used to guide exercise based on a percentage of maximum heart rate or heart rate reserve.

Hypertension Classification

Categorization of blood pressure levels, where normal is typically \leq 120/80 mmHg, and hypertension stages are defined by higher thresholds.