Understanding Proteins and Their Structures

Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins with variable side chains.

Peptide Bond

Covalent bond between amino acids in proteins.

Polypeptides

Chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Protein Folding

Process determining protein's 3D structure and function.

Primary Structure

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Secondary Structure

Stable configurations like alpha helices and beta sheets.

Tertiary Structure

Overall 3D shape of a protein from side chain interactions.

Quaternary Structure

Structure formed by multiple polypeptide chains.

Essential Amino Acids

Amino acids that must be obtained through diet.

Non-Essential Amino Acids

Amino acids synthesized by the body.

Conditional Amino Acids

Amino acids required during specific physiological conditions.

Protein Deficiency Malnutrition

Health issues from lack of essential amino acids.

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak bonds crucial for protein secondary and tertiary structures.

Ionic Bonds

Electrostatic attractions between charged side chains.

Disulfide Bridges

Covalent bonds between cysteine side chains stabilizing structure.

Hydrophobic Interactions

Non-polar side chains cluster to avoid water.

Alpha Helices

Coiled structure formed in protein secondary structure.

Beta-Pleated Sheets

Staggered strand configuration in protein secondary structure.

Denaturation

Loss of protein structure and function due to stress.

Optimal Temperature

Temperature at which proteins function best (~37ºC).

Optimal pH

pH level where proteins maintain proper structure.

Globular Proteins

Compact proteins with functional roles in cells.

Fibrous Proteins

Structural proteins providing support and strength.

R-groups

Variable side chains that determine amino acid properties.

Hydrophilic Properties

Attraction to water, affecting protein solubility.

Hydrophobic Properties

Repulsion from water, influencing protein folding.

Vegan Diet Considerations

Need for careful amino acid intake to avoid deficiency.

Chemical Diversity

Variety in R-groups leading to diverse protein functions.