Crusades

1st Crusade

Crusaders captured Jerusalem, only Christian "military victory"

4th Crusade

Crusaders sacked Constantinople, Christian on Christian violence

Moral Failure of Crusades

Brutally murdered Jewish and Muslim civilians; broke agreements; focused on wealth

"Positive outcome" of Crusades

Wider opening of Europe to the East: increased trade & access to Muslim Scholarship; e.g. astronomy, science, mathematics, rediscovery of classical texts (such as Aristotle)

Bernard of Clairvaux

monk who wrote encouraging participation in Crusades

Annales Herbipolenses

Anonymous "upstander" condemning the Crusades

SALADIN (SALAH AL-DIN IBN AYYUB)

Muslim general who recaptured Jerusalem and agreed to negotiation with conquered Chrisitians

Acre

Last Crusader settlement in Holy Land, fell 1291

Urban II

called for 1st Crusade

date of 1st Crusade

1096