Biology 2250 Principles of Genetics

A comprehensive set of flashcards designed to reinforce key genetics concepts and terms covered in the Biology 2250 lecture series.

Rhodopsin is needed for __ in dim light.

vision

The gene for rhodopsin is located on human chromosome __.

3

Mutations in the rhodopsin gene can lead to vision defects such as __.

retinitis pigmentosa and night blindness

The science of genetics relies heavily on __.

mutations

Drosophila X-linked recessive mutations can produce a variety of __ phenotypes.

eye color

Complementation testing determines whether two mutations are in a gene or in genes.

single, different

If two mutations do not complement each other, they are in __ gene.

the same

A group of mutations that do not complement each other is known as a __ group.

complementation

Heterozygote progeny from different recessive phenotypes will result in a __ phenotype if mutations are in different genes.

wild-type

Genetic maps can illustrate __ mutations in Drosophila.

X-linked eye color

The Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene is one of the __ genes in humans.

longest

Bacteriophage T4 is used to study __ in genetics.

recombination

Complementation tests in bacteriophages help determine if two mutations are in the __ gene.

same

Recombination mapping measures __ among mutations.

genetic distance

Mutations can arise from a change in a __ pair.

single nucleotide

Hotspots of mutation refer to sites that __ more often than others.

mutate

A complementation test identifies whether two mutations affect the __ or not.

same gene

In genetics, the term __ refers to a repeated sequence that can contribute to rearrangements.

CAG repeat

In humans, many genes are expressed as __ which encodes proteins.

mRNA

mutations change a codon to specify a different amino acid.

Missense

In eukaryotes, introns are __ during mRNA processing.

removed

The flow of information from DNA to RNA to __ is known as the central dogma.

protein

During transcription, RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA in a __ manner.

5’ to 3’

DNA sequences can result in __ polymorphisms when mutations occur.

genetic.

In the context of the genetic code, __ refers to the redundancy seen in codons.

Degeneracy

The process by which mutations lead to functional changes is reflected in __.

phenotypes.

In chromosomal mapping, __ mutations can help locate genes.

deletion.

Two adjacent genes can create __ when transposable elements are involved.

rearrangements.

An individual with a deletion of one copy of a gene may show a __ phenotype.

homozygous.

Crossing over within inverted regions during meiosis can lead to __.

reduced fertility.

The phenomenon of __ refers to genes being actively transcribed from one chromosome only.

X-inactivation.

Mutations occurring in __ sequences can yield significant changes in gene function.

regulatory.

Chromosomal aberrations can result from meiotic __.

nondisjunction.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to amplify __.

target DNA sequences.

When amplification via PCR occurs, the number of target sequences can rise exponentially with each __.

cycle.

Genes that are transferred between bacteria through __ promote adaptability.

horizontal gene transfer.

DNA sequences in eukaryotic genes can be found in the __ and exons.

introns.

In terms of genetic variance, a __ can contain multiple phenotypic expressions stemming from one mutation.

trait.

The term __ refers to an average of 2-8 base pairs in deletion/insertion mutations.

DIPs.

Bacterial plasmids can serve as tools for genetic __.

engineering.

An __ is a region that gets amplified to visualize genetic expression changes.

enhancer.

The genetic material in all organisms comprises four basic units known as __.

nucleotides.

Variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) are associated with __ variation.

DNA.

Repetitive DNA sequences can be significant in the making of __ and hybrids.

transgenes.

Individual variants for genes of interest can lead to __ mapping.

linkage.

The study of genetic anomalies in human populations advances through __ analysis.

bioinformatics.

__ allows for an overview of genes expressed in a specific environment.

Metagenomics.

The term __ describes errors during DNA replication that lead to mutations.

spontaneous.

Eukaryotic genes can be represented by both coding and __ sequences.

non-coding.

Variations in chromosome structure, known as __, can significantly impact phenotypes.

rearrangements.

Polymorphisms are usually harmless but can be _ when they disrupt normal gene function.

deleterious.

Segmented DNA elements relevant in bacterial genetics include __ genes.

resistance.

Natural selection often acts on variations generated by _ in DNA sequences.

mutations.

The framework for mapping gene locations relies on genetic __ and relationship comparisons.

linkage.

Individuals of a species can demonstrate significant variations in their __ content.

genomic.

The rapid assessment of DNA data is aided by structures in __ technology.

bioinformatics.

Mutations can be classified as __ based on their observed phenotypic effects.

neutral, harmful, or beneficial.

Repetitive sequences serve multiple functions, such as acting as __ in the genome.

spacers.

Chromosomal rearrangements often occur due to processes such as __ and unequal crossing over.

nondisjunction.

Transposable elements can be identified in __ genomes, which offers insights about their dynamics.

bacterial.

Structural attributes of __ can dictate their potential for genetic rearrangement.

chromosomes.

The adaptability of populations is influenced by the frequency and type of __ present.

mutations.

Bacterial transformation, transduction, and conjugation are processes critical for genetic __.

exchange.

The abbreviations SNP and CNV stand for __ and copy number variants, respectively.

single nucleotide polymorphism.

Gene mapping aids researchers in establishing the __ of genes responsible for diseases.

location.

Variation in __ can lead to enhanced capabilities within ecological niches in species.

reproduction.

Transposons, which can be classified as either DNA or __, play crucial roles in genetics.

retrotransposons.

The human genome contains an entire set of genes but is also influenced by __ non-coding regions.

intergenic.

Organisms can generate diverse survivability strategies through chromosomal __ and genetic rearrangements.

variability.

Mutated can lead to enhanced tolerance to different environmental stresses, beneficial for survival.

plasmids.

Regulatory networks can determine whether or not an individual gene is expressed, affecting overall __.

phenotype.

Numerous spontaneous mutations can result from exposure to __ or through replication errors during cell division.

radiation.

The fitness of a population can be impacted directly by changes in __.

genetic diversity.

An individual’s genetic predisposition can often be identified through __ screening.

DNA.

Gene therapy efforts seek to replace defective genes responsible for disease with __ versions.

functional.

The overall expression of genes in an organism is regulated at multiple levels, from __ to post-translational modifications.

transcription.

Bacterial populations can change genetically through __, enabling swift evolutionary adaptations.

horizontal gene transfer.

In genetic testing, a __ framework can be employed to establish inheritance patterns of traits within families.

pedigree.

Determining the sequence or structure of a genome can yield insights into potential __ connections among species.

evolutionary.

Metagenomic technology allows scientists to assess the __ diversity within microbial communities.

genomic.

Plasmid vectors often contain specific genes that confer __ to antibiotics for bacterial strains.

resistance.

Overall genetic variation can affect how different organisms interact with their __ environments.

ecological.

Transposable elements are often viewed as __ DNA due to their ability to change locations within a genome.

selfish.

The study of ancient populations also requires knowledge of their __ structure through time.

genetic.

The size of bacterial genomes can range from 4-5 Mb with a high rate of __ gene content density.

coding.

Mutational events can result in novel traits beneficial for __ survival within various environments.

adaptation.

Bacterial plasmids can facilitate the sharing of genetic material pertinent to __ and survival under certain conditions.

antibiotic resistance.

Understanding the genetic basis of diseases allows researchers to develop targeted __ treatments for patients.

therapeutic.

Gene sequencing begins with the extraction of DNA and its subsequent __ before analysis.

amplification.

Environmental impact on microbial genetics is assessed through __, allowing scientists to draw conclusions about genetic adaptation.

metagenomic studies.

The rate at which certain mutations occur can help scientists estimate when __ events took place during evolution.

divergent.

Genomic variations can manifest as __ that have detectable effects on organismal phenotypes.

polymorphisms.

Various techniques are utilized to analyze genetic variations on __ sequences for functional insights.

DNA.

Regulatory mechanisms dictate the expression of __ genes in response to environmental signals.

specific.

Transposable elements can create new allelic forms in the genetic landscape through __ events.

mutation.

The effective tracking of inherited traits is achieved with the analysis of __ in minuscule genetic regions.

polymorphic markers.

Variation in DNA sequences can inform scientists about the evolutionary __ of different organisms.

relationships.

Molecular biology advancements focus on understanding the interactions within __ networks influencing gene expression.

regulatory.

Genome-sequencing data sets provide critical insights for __ studies regarding evolution and gene function.

population.

Utilization of computational models in genetics allows researchers to simulate conditions for __ evolution.

speculative.